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Statistical evidence in medical trials : what do the data really tell us? /
Statistical Evidence in Medical Trials is a lucid, well-written and entertaining text that addresses common pitfalls in evaluating medical research. Including extensive use of publications from the medical literature and a non-technical account of how to appraise the quality of evidence presented in...
| Clasificación: | Libro Electrónico |
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| Autor principal: | |
| Formato: | Electrónico eBook |
| Idioma: | Inglés |
| Publicado: |
Oxford ; New York :
Oxford University Press,
2006.
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| Colección: | Oxford statistics.
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| Temas: | |
| Acceso en línea: | Texto completo |
Tabla de Contenidos:
- Intro; Contents; Preface; Acknowledgments; Overview; 1 Apples or Oranges? Selection of the Control Group; 1.1 Introduction; 1.2 Randomly selected controls; 1.3 Variations on randomization; 1.4 Nonrandomized studies; 1.5 Preventing covariate imbalance before it occurs; 1.6 Statistical adjustments; 1.7 Counterpoint: Randomized trials are overrated; 1.8 Summary-Apples or oranges; 1.9 On your own; 2 Who Was Left Out? Exclusions, refusals, and drop-outs; 2.1 Introduction; 2.2 Who was excluded at the start of the study?; 2.3 Who refused to join the study?; 2.4 Who stopped or switched therapies?
- 2.5 Who dropped out during the study?2.6 Counterpoint: Intention to treat is overrated; 2.7 Summary-Who was left out?; 2.8 On your own; 3 Mountain or Molehill? The Clinical Importance of the Results; 3.1 Introduction; 3.2 Did they measure the right thing?; 3.3 Did they measure the outcome well?; 3.4 Were the changes clinically important?; 3.5 Counterpoint: Blinding is overrated; 3.6 Summary-Mountain or molehill?; 3.7 On your own; 4 What Do the Other Witnesses Say? Corroborating Evidence; 4.1 Introduction; 4.2 Is there a strong association?; 4.3 Is there a dose-response pattern?
- 4.4 Is the association consistent?4.5 Is the association specific?; 4.6 Is the association biologically plausible?; 4.7 Is there a conflict of interest?; 4.8 Is there any evidence of fraud?; 4.9 Counterpoint: Biological plausibility is overrated; 4.10 Summary-what do the other witnesses say?; 4.11 On your own; 5 Do the Pieces Fit Together? Systematic overviews and meta-analyses; 5.1 Introduction; 5.2 Were apples combined with oranges?; 5.3 Were some apples left on the tree?; 5.4 Were all of the apples rotten?; 5.5 Did the pile of apples amount to more than just a hill of beans?
- 5.6 Counterpoint: meta-analysis is overrated5.7 Summary-Do the pieces fit together?; 5.8 On your own; 6 What Do All These Numbers Mean?; 6.1 Introduction; 6.2 Samples and populations; 6.3 Type I and II errors; 6.4 Confidence interval; 6.5 p-value; 6.6 Odds ratio and relative risk; 6.7 Correlation; 6.8 Survival curves; 6.9 Prevalence and incidence; 6.10 On your own; 7 Where Is the Evidence? Searching for Information; 7.1 Introduction; 7.2 PICO format; 7.3 Search high level sources first; 7.4 Searching in PubMed; 7.5 Searching the Internet; 7.6 Summary-Where is the evidence?; 7.7 On your own