Risk & innovation : small companies in six industries : background papers prepared for the NAE risk and innovation study /

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Detalles Bibliográficos
Clasificación:Libro Electrónico
Autor Corporativo: National Academy of Engineering
Formato: Electrónico eBook
Idioma:Inglés
Publicado: Washington, DC : National Academy Press, 1996.
Temas:
Small business > United States.
High technology industries > United States.
Technological innovations.
Risk.
Industries de pointe > États-Unis.
Innovations.
Risque.
BUSINESS & ECONOMICS > Small Business.
High technology industries
Risk
Small business
Technological innovations
United States
Acceso en línea:Texto completo
Tabla de Contenidos:
  • COVER
  • COPYRIGHT
  • TABLE OF CONTENTS
  • RISK & INNOVATION
  • INTRODUCTION
  • SECTORS ADDRESSED BY THE PAPERS
  • THE EFFECT OF TECHNOLOGICAL RISK ON OPPORTUNITIES
  • UNINTENDED CONSEQUENCES OF POLICIES
  • IMPORTANCE OF SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL RESEARCH
  • ACCESS TO CAPITAL
  • IMPLICATIONS FOR POLICY
  • REFERENCES
  • ADVANCED DISPLAYS AND VISUAL SYSTEMS
  • INDUSTRY BACKGROUND
  • Market Size, Structure, and International Position
  • Display Technologies
  • Market History
  • CURRENT MARKET AND TECHNOLOGY ISSUES
  • A Critical Technology
  • Japanese Business Dominance
  • Entry of Korea and Taiwan
  • The Dumping Case
  • Recent Developments
  • New Markets and Applications
  • THE ROLE OF SMALL COMPANIES
  • Product Research and Development
  • Manufacturing Research and Development
  • Upstream Issues
  • Downstream Issues
  • Human and External Resource Issues
  • Investment, Governance, and Strategy
  • CONCLUSIONS
  • APPENDIX: DESCRIPTIONS OF DISPLAY TECHNOLOGIES
  • REFERENCES
  • IMPLANTABLEAND SURGICAL MEDICAL DEVICES
  • THE MEDICAL DEVICE INDUSTRY AND ITS MARKETS
  • SOME SALIENT CHARACTERISTICS OF MEDICAL DEVICE INNOVATION
  • The Science and Technology Interface
  • The Role of Small Versus Large Firms
  • University-Industry Interactions
  • THE U.S. INNOVATION SYSTEM
  • Sources Of Finance
  • Academic Medical Centers and Physician-Users
  • FDA Regulatory Policies
  • Health Care Financing Policies
  • CONSEQUENCES FOR MEDICAL DEVICE INNOVATION
  • R & D Investment
  • The Changing Rate of Medical Device R & D
  • The Changing Direction of Medical Device R & D
  • CONCLUDING OBSERVATIONS
  • REFERENCES
  • COMPUTER SOFTWARE
  • SIZE AND SCOPE OF SOFTWARE SECTORS
  • Programming Services and Systems Integration
  • Prepackaged Software
  • SOFTWARE DEPENDS CRITICALLY ON INNOVATIONIN COMPUTER TECHNOLOGIES
  • SMALL COMPANIES AND START-UPS EXPLOITTHESE OPPORTUNITIES
  • Low Barriers to Entry
  • Expanding, Fragmented Markets
  • Dynamics of Technological Change
  • Key Success Factors for New Companies
  • FACTORS SHAPING INNOVATION IN SOFTWARE
  • The Importance of Universities
  • Large Companies as a Source of Technology
  • Economic and Technological Risks are Encouraged
  • POLICY QUESTIONS
  • Spin-on Effects from Defense-Related Research and Development
  • National Infrastructure Initiative
  • The Importance of Defense System Acquisitions
  • Public-Sector Financing Initiatives to Encourage Innovation
  • The Question of Illegal Monopolization
  • The Problem of Uncertain Intellectual Property Rights
  • Enforcing IPR Policies
  • REMARKS ON THE FUTURE
  • REFERENCES
  • ENVIRONMENTAL TESTING LABORATORIESAND INSTRUMENTS
  • CHARACTERIZATION OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL TESTING INDUSTRY
  • A Brief History
  • Market Size
  • Number of Competitors
  • Profile of Customers
  • Legislative and Regulatory Drivers
  • Market Niches
  • Small Labs vs. Large Labs
  • Accreditation and Certification
  • TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATION
  • A Historical Perspective
  • Summary of the Role of Analytical Instrumentation
  • Likely Future Trends in Techno.

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