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On gangs /

"This book introduces readers to the study of gangs, including key concepts and findings, competing theoretical approaches, emerging and persistent issues and questions, and strategies for addressing gangs"--

Detalles Bibliográficos
Clasificación:	Libro Electrónico
Autores principales:	Decker, Scott H. (Autor), Pyrooz, David (Autor), Densley, James A. (James Andrew), 1982- (Autor)
Formato:	Electrónico eBook
Idioma:	Inglés
Publicado:	Philadelphia, Pennsylvania : Temple University Press, 2022.
Temas:	Gangs. Gangs
Acceso en línea:	Texto completo

Tabla de Contenidos:

Introduction
The Origins of On Gangs
The Structure of On Gangs
Acknowledgments
Part I: Core Issues
Chapter 1: Defining Gangs, Gang Members, and Gang Crime
Defining a Gang
Defining a Gang Member
Defining a Gang Crime
Counting Gangs, Gang Members, and Gang Crimes
History and Trends in Gangs and Gang Behaviors
Correlates of Gang Involvement
Demographics
Social Ecology and Socioeconomic Status
Conclusion
Chapter 2: Structure, Culture, and Gangs in Communities
The Unequal Distribution of Gang Activity: A Tale of Two Communities
Emergence and Persistence of Gangs in Communities: An Organizing Framework
Social Disorganization Theory
Underclass Theory
Anomie Theory
Subcultural Theory
Empirical Research on Gangs in Communities
Conclusion
Chapter 3: Gang Structure and Organization
The Organizational Structure of Gangs
The Features and Characteristics of Gangs
Gang Leaders
Gang Rules
Gang Roles
Gang Meetings
Gang Money
Comparing Gangs to Other Criminal Groups
Gangs and Terrorist Groups
Gangs and Organized Crime Groups
Gangs and Drug Smugglers
Gangs and Governance
Conclusion
Chapter 4: Joining the Gang
A Life-Course Perspective on Gang Membership
Gang Embeddedness
Why do Some People End Up in Gangs When Others Do Not?
Criminal Propensity Theory
Social Bond Theory
General Strain Theory
Social Learning Theory
Gang Membership Trait Theory
Gang Membership Integrated Theories
Signaling Theory
Risk Factors and Empirical Support for Micro-Level Theories
Why Do Youth Join Gangs?
How Do Youth Join Gangs?
Conclusion
Chapter 5: Continuity and Change in Gang Membership
Defining Persistence and Disengagement
Continuity in Gang Membership
Duration of Gang Membership
Sources of Continuity in Gang Membership
Disengagement from Gangs
Conceptual Framework
Why Do People Leave Gangs?
How do People Leave Gangs?
Conclusion
Chapter 6: Gangs, Crime, and Violence
Overrepresentation of Gang Members as Offenders and Victims
Drug Use
Drug Dealing
Gun Ownership and Carrying
Victimization
Theoretical Models of Gang Membership, Crime, and Victimization
Thornberry et al.'s Selection, Facilitation, and Enhancement Models
State of the Evidence on Theoretical Models
Controversy over Findings on Victimization
Group Process and the Enhancement Effect
Opportunity Structures
Normative Influence
Status Concerns
Collective Behavior
Gangs, Networks, and The Cycle of Violence
Conclusion
Part II: Emerging and Critical Issues
Chapter 7: Women, Gender, and Gangs
The Scope of Female Gang Involvement
Perspectives on Females and Gangs: Liberated, Exploited, or Marginalized?
The Marginalization Hypothesis: Frederic Thrasher and Female Invisibility
The Liberation Hypothesis: Anne Campbell and Female Autonomy
The Social Injury Hypothesis: Joan Moore and Female Exploitation
Where do The Molls Stand?
Girls in the Gang
Pathways into Gang Membership
Life in the Gang
Leaving the Gang
Masculinities, Gender, and Gangs
Conclusion
Chapter 8: Race, Ethnicity, and Gangs
The Racialized Construction of Criminal Gangs
The Prevalence of Gang Membership by Race and Ethnicity
Racial and Ethnic Homophily in Gangs
Immigration and Gang Formation
Racism and Gang Formation
(Sub)Culture, Migration, Appropriation, and Gangs
Conclusion
Chapter 9: Gangs Around the World
Gangs in Europe (and Beyond)
Gangs in The United Kingdom
Gangs in Canada
Gangs in Latin America and the Caribbean
Gangs in Africa, Asia, and Oceania
Conclusion
Chapter 10: Gangs and Social Institutions
Gangs and the Family
Gangs in Schools
Gangs and the Labor Market
Gangs and Politics
Gangs and Religion
Gangs, Media, and Technology
Is the Gang a Social Institution?
Has the Gang Become a Family?
Do Gangs "Run" Public Schools?
Do Gangs Replace Conventional Employment?
Conclusion
Part III: Responding to Gangs
Chapter 11: Policing Gangs
The Police Role in Gang Prevention
The Police Role in Gang Suppression
Policing Gangs Beyond Suppression
Police Gang Units
Police Gang Databases
Conclusion
Chapter 12: Gangs and Gang Members in Prison
Defining and Measuring Gangs and Gang Membership in Prison
The Contested Emergence and Proliferation of Gangs in Prison
Theories of Prison Gang Emergence
The Characteristics of Prison Gangs
Transitions in Prison Gang Membership
Joining Gangs in Prison
Avoiding Gangs in Prison
Leaving Gangs in Prison
Offending and Victimization in Prison
Responding to Prison Gangs
Gang Members, Reentry, and Recidivism
Conclusion
Chapter 13: Anti-Gang Legislation and Legal Responses
The Purpose of Anti-Gang Legislation
Targeted Gang Legislation
Defining Gang Activity
Shared Gang Databases
Gang Sentencing Enhancements
Gang Participation and Recruitment
Repurposed Gang Legislation
Criminal Enterprise Laws
Public Nuisance Laws
Auxiliary Gang Legislation: The 1994 Crime Bill
Gangs and the Courtroom
Conclusion
Chapter 14: What Works, What Doesn't, and How do we Know?
What Works and Best Practices in Gang Intervention
Gang Response Strategies
Community Organization
Social Intervention
Opportunities Provision
Suppression
Organizational Development and Change
Prevention
The Legacy of Irving Spergel and the Comprehensive Gang Strategy
Hybrid Programs
Assessing the Gang Intervention Findings
Assessing a "Promising Practice": A Case of Implementation Failure
Continuing Issues in Responding to Gangs
Delinquency Programs or Gang Programs?
Denial
The Role of Gang Members in Responding to Gang Crime Problems
Variation and Change in Gang Crime Problems
Connecting Practice to Theory
Conclusion.

On gangs /

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