Non-exhaust Particulate Emissions from Road Transport An Ignored Environmental Policy Challenge

Detalles Bibliográficos
Clasificación:Libro Electrónico
Autor principal: OECD
Formato: Electrónico eBook
Idioma:Inglés
Publicado: Paris : OECD Publishing, 2020.
Temas:
Environmental economics.
Économie de l'environnement.
Environmental economics
Acceso en línea:Texto completo
Tabla de Contenidos:
  • Intro
  • Foreword
  • Acknowledgements
  • List of acronyms
  • Executive Summary
  • What are the causes and impacts of non-exhaust emissions?
  • What is the current situation and how will it evolve with the uptake of electric vehicles?
  • How should policymakers address non-exhaust emissions?
  • 1. Introduction
  • 1.1. The relevance of non-exhaust emissions for public policy
  • 1.2. The objectives of this report
  • 1.3. Key findings on the drivers, impacts, and policy responses to non-exhaust emissions
  • The drivers and impacts of non-exhaust emissions
  • How non-exhaust emissions will develop in future years
  • Policy responses to non-exhaust emissions
  • Next steps to address non-exhaust emissions
  • Navigating the report
  • References
  • 2. The causes and consequences of non-exhaust emissions from road transport
  • 2.1. Defining non-exhaust emissions
  • 2.1.1. Brake wear
  • 2.1.2. Tyre wear
  • 2.1.3. Road wear
  • 2.1.4. Road dust resuspension
  • 2.2. Approaches to measuring non-exhaust emissions
  • 2.2.1. Emission estimates
  • Emission factors
  • Inverse modelling
  • Simulator studies
  • Emission inventories
  • 2.2.2. Source apportionment
  • Standard
  • Receptor models
  • Dispersion or Chemistry Transport models (CTM)
  • 2.3. The growing importance of non-exhaust emissions for air pollution
  • 2.3.1. Emission inventories
  • Europe
  • United States
  • Latin America
  • Mexico
  • Bogota
  • Santiago
  • 2.3.2. Source apportionment studies
  • 2.4. The negative consequences of exposure to non-exhaust emissions
  • 2.4.1. Elements
  • 2.4.2. Source contributions
  • 2.4.3. Impacts of non-exhaust emissions on mortality
  • Short-term effects
  • Long-term effects
  • 2.4.4. Impact of non-exhaust emissions on morbidity and cognitive development
  • Short-term effects
  • Long-term effects
  • 2.5. The causes of non-exhaust emissions
  • 2.5.1. Brake wear.
  • Rotor temperature
  • Sliding speed, deceleration and contact pressure
  • Vehicle weight
  • Brake pad type
  • 2.5.2. Tyre and road wear
  • Vehicle weight
  • Speed and acceleration/deceleration
  • Tyre type and properties
  • Road pavement properties
  • 2.5.3. Road dust resuspension
  • Speed and acceleration
  • Vehicle size/type
  • Road dust loading
  • Porous pavements
  • Vehicle underside
  • Weather conditions
  • 2.6. Implications for policy
  • References
  • 3. The implications of electric vehicle uptake for non-exhaust emissions
  • 3.1. Evidence on the impact of electric vehicle use on particulate emissions
  • 3.1.1. Impacts on particulate emissions levels
  • 3.1.2. Determinants of PM emissions impacts
  • Vehicle weight
  • Regenerative braking
  • Road dust resuspension
  • Secondary aerosols
  • 3.2. Calculating primary and secondary PM from exhaust
  • Primary PM emissions
  • Secondary inorganic aerosol (SIA) formation
  • Secondary organic aerosols (SOA) formation
  • 3.3. Calculating primary PM from non-exhaust sources
  • Internal combustion engine vehicles
  • Battery electric vehicles
  • 3.4. Particulate matter emitted by conventional and electric vehicles
  • 3.4.1. Total PM emission factors
  • 3.4.2. Non-exhaust PM emission factors
  • 3.4.3. Projections of particulate emissions from non-exhaust sources
  • 3.4.4. Influencing factors and implications for policy
  • References
  • 4. Policy responses to tackle particulate matter from non-exhaust emissions
  • 4.1. Review of existing measures that reduce non-exhaust emissions
  • 4.1.1. Reducing vehicle kilometres travelled
  • 4.1.2. Improving emission factors
  • Regulatory measures
  • Vehicle lightweighting and HDV weight limitations
  • Brake and tyre manufacturing regulations
  • Trace and heavy metals content restrictions
  • Asbestos bans
  • Studded tyre restrictions
  • Available technologies.
  • Regenerative braking systems
  • Friction braking systems
  • Brake disc composition, coating and treatment
  • Gray cast iron disc coatings
  • Treatments for gray cast iron rotor discs
  • Aluminum Brake Discs
  • Ceramic Brake Discs
  • Titanium Brake Discs
  • Brake pad composition
  • Brake dust capturing systems
  • Driver Assistance Systems
  • Local-level traffic and road management measures
  • Traffic flow measures
  • Measures to reduce road dust resuspension
  • Street sweeping
  • Street washing
  • 4.2. New strategies to target non-exhaust emissions
  • 4.2.1. Reducing vehicle kilometres travelled
  • 4.2.2. Improving emission factors
  • 4.3. Knowledge gaps and an agenda for future research
  • 4.3.1. Measuring and sourcing non-exhaust emissions
  • 4.3.2. Measuring and valuing the damages caused by non-exhaust emissions
  • 4.3.3. Designing effective mitigation measures to reduce emission factors and vehicle kilometres driven
  • 4.4. Implications for policy
  • References.

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