Pharmaceutical residues in freshwater : hazards and policy responses.

Detalles Bibliográficos
Clasificación:Libro Electrónico
Formato: Electrónico eBook
Idioma:Inglés
Publicado: London : IWA Publishing, 2020.
Colección:OECD studies on water.
Temas:
Water > Pollution.
Water > Pollution > Government policy.
Drugs > Environmental aspects.
Freshwater ecology.
Water > Pollution > Toxicology.
Aquatic organisms > Effect of water pollution on.
Médicaments > Aspect de l'environnement.
Écologie d'eau douce.
Organismes aquatiques > Effets de la pollution de l'eau sur.
Water supply & treatment.
Aquatic organisms > Effect of water pollution on
Freshwater ecology
Water > Pollution
Water > Pollution > Government policy
Water > Pollution > Toxicology
Environment and Ecology.
Acceso en línea:Texto completo
Tabla de Contenidos:
  • Cover
  • Copyright
  • Table of contents
  • Foreword
  • Acknowledgements
  • Abbreviations
  • Executive Summary
  • Advances in monitoring can help close the knowledge gap and support policy responses
  • Moving towards proactive policy action to curb pharmaceutical pollution
  • OECD Policy Recommendations on addressing pharmaceutical residues in freshwater
  • Cross-cutting recommendations
  • Source-directed recommendations. Pharmaceutical life cycle stages: design, marketing authorisation, manufacturing, post-authorisation
  • Use-orientated recommendations. Pharmaceutical life cycle stages: Prescription and use
  • End-of-pipe recommendations. Pharmaceutical life cycle stages: collection and disposal, and wastewater treatment and reuse
  • 1. Defining the challenge of managing pharmaceuticals in water
  • 1.1. Key messages
  • 1.2. Introduction
  • 1.3. Origins, entry-pathways, sinks and concentration patterns of pharmaceuticals in the environment
  • 1.4. Effects of pharmaceuticals in the environment on human and freshwater ecosystem health
  • References
  • Notes
  • 2. Opportunities to build a policy-relevant knowledge base
  • 2.1. Key messages
  • 2.2. Environmental risk assessment and authorisation of pharmaceuticals
  • 2.3. Existing frameworks for monitoring pharmaceuticals in water
  • 2.4. Advances in water quality monitoring and potential benefits for risk assessments and water quality policy making
  • 2.5. The added value of system modelling
  • References
  • Notes
  • 3. Emerging policy instruments for the control of pharmaceuticals in water
  • 3.1. Key messages
  • 3.2. Introduction
  • 3.3. Source-directed approaches
  • 3.4. Use-orientated approaches
  • 3.5. End-of-pipe measures
  • References
  • 4. Recommendations for the management of pharmaceuticals in freshwater
  • 4.1. Key messages: A life cycle, multi-sector approach to managing pharmaceutical residues in freshwater
  • 4.2. A policy toolbox for a life cycle, multi-sector approach
  • 4.3. The interlinkages between freshwater, pharmaceutical, and human and animal health policies
  • 4.4. A life cycle, multi-sector approach: Experience from selected OECD countries
  • References
  • Notes
  • Glossary

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