Cargando…
Air pollution and ship emissions /
| Clasificación: | Libro Electrónico |
|---|---|
| Otros Autores: | |
| Formato: | Electrónico eBook |
| Idioma: | Inglés |
| Publicado: |
New York :
Nova Science Publishers,
c2010.
|
| Colección: | Air, water and soil pollution science and technology series.
|
| Temas: | |
| Acceso en línea: | Texto completo |
Tabla de Contenidos:
- Intro
- AIR POLLUTION AND SHIP EMISSIONS
- AIR POLLUTION AND SHIP EMISSIONS
- CONTENTS
- PREFACE
- Chapter 1 AIR POLLUTION AND GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS FROM SHIPS
- SUMMARY
- INTRODUCTION
- MARPOL ANNEX VI
- Provisions of Annex VI
- Implementing Legislation (P.L. 110-280)
- Amendments to Annex VI
- EPA Regulations
- OTHER LEGISLATION
- FEDERAL, STATE, AND LOCAL MEASURES
- EPA Regulations
- Category 3 Engines
- Category 1 and 2 Engines
- California Emission Reduction Measures
- Low Sulfur Fuels
- Emission Controls
- Alternative Power
- Grants
- GREENHOUSE GASES
- International Efforts to Address GHGs
- Shipping vs. Other Transport Modes
- Measures to Reduce Ships' GHG Emissions
- CONCLUSION
- End Notes
- Chapter 2 EMISSION CONTROL AREA PROPOSAL FOR SHIPS FACT SHEET
- REGULATORY ANNOUNCEMENT: PROPOSAL OF EMISSION CONTROL AREA DESIGNATION FOR GEOGRAPHIC CONTROL OF EMISSIONS FROM SHIPS
- EPA-420-F-09-015, March 2009
- Overview
- The Need to Reduce Emissions from Engines on Ships
- Emission Control Area Standards
- Costs
- Benefits
- Next Steps
- End Notes
- Chapter 3 EPA NEEDS TO IMPROVE ITS EFFORTS TO REDUCE AIR EMISSIONS AT U.S. PORTS
- ABBREVIATIONS
- WHY WE DID THIS REVIEW
- BACKGROUND
- WHAT WE FOUND
- WHAT WE RECOMMEND
- ACTION REQUIRED
- 1. INTRODUCTION
- Purpose
- Background
- Sources of Emissions
- Impacts of Air Pollution from Port Activities
- Projected Port Growth and Impacts
- EPA's Multipronged Approach to Reducing Emissions at U.S. Ports
- EPA Regulatory Authority
- Key EPA Voluntary Strategies
- Clean Ports USA Program, SmartWay Transport Partnership, and Regional Diesel Collaboratives
- EPA's Work with the International Maritime Organization
- Noteworthy Achievements
- Scope and Methodology.
- 2. RECENT AGENCY AND INTERNATIONAL ACTIONS HAVE POTENTIAL TO SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCE HARMFUL EMISSIONS FROM OCEANGOING VESSEL ENGINES
- Air Emissions from Large Oceangoing Vessel Engines Have Been Essentially Unregulated by EPA
- NOx
- PM and SOx
- CO, HC, and Air Toxics
- EPA Has Chosen to Defer Taking a Position on Whether It Has Authority to Regulate Foreign-Flagged Vessel Engine Emissions
- EPA Stated a Need to Regulate Foreign-Flagged Vessel Engine Emissions in 2002
- Agency Efforts Have Only Recently Resulted in an International Agreement Which Could Achieve Substantial Emission Reductions
- Proposed Revisions to MARPOL Annex VI Adopted
- Comparing the IMO Agreement and the U.S. Proposal
- Importance of IMO Emission Control Areas
- Next Steps in the IMO Process
- EPA's Delay in Controlling Oceangoing Vessel Engine Emissions May Have Long-Term Effects
- Conclusions
- Recommendations
- Agency Comments and OIG Evaluation
- 3. IMPLEMENTING EPA'S APPROACH TO REDUCING AIR EMISSIONS AT U.S. PORTS NEEDS IMPROVING
- EPA's Approach Is Incomplete
- Limited Data to Verify Results of Voluntary Actions
- Voluntary Initiatives Have Not Been Implemented at Many U.S. Ports
- Opportunities Exist to Improve Participation in Regional Diesel Collaboratives
- EPA Verified Technologies Are Major Component of Voluntary Emission Reduction Efforts, But Funding is Limited
- Limited Resources for Implementing EPA's Efforts to Reduce Port Emissions
- EPA's New Strategy for Sustainable Ports Lacks a Transformation Plan
- Conclusions
- Recommendation
- Agency Comments and OIG Evaluation
- STATUS OF RECOMMENDATIONS AND POTENTIAL MONETARY BENEFITS
- APPENDIX A. PROJECTED GROWTH OF U.S. PORTS DUE TO CONTAINER SHIPPING
- APPENDIX B. KEY EPA REGULATIONS FOR FIVE MAJOR SOURCES OF PORT EMISSIONS
- Oceangoing Vessels
- Heavy-Duty Diesel Trucks.
- Cargo-Handling Equipment
- Harbor Craft and Locomotives
- APPENDIX C. DETAILS ON SCOPE AND METHODOLOGY
- Review of Management (Internal) Controls
- Prior Reports
- Prior GAO Reports
- APPENDIX D. DETAILS ON EPA'S RATIONALE FOR NOT TAKING A POSITION ON WHETHER IT HAS AUTHORITY TO REGULATE FOREIGN-FLAGGED VESSELS
- APPENDIX E. TIMELINE OF SELECTED EPA REGULATORY ACTIONS SINCE 1990 TO ADDRESS AIR EMISSIONS FROM PORT SOURCES
- APPENDIX F. SUMMARY OF REVISED MARPOL ANNEX VI STANDARDS ADOPTED BY THE IMO IN OCTOBER 2008
- APPENDIX G. STATUS OF PARTICIPATION IN REGIONAL DIESEL COLLABORATIVES FOR PORTS IN NONATTAINMENT AREAS
- APPENDIX H. DETAILS OF EPA'S STRATEGY FOR SUSTAINABLE PORTS
- APPENDIX I. AGENCY RESPONSE TO DRAFT REPORT
- Recommendations-Chapter 2
- Recommendation-Chapter 3
- General Comments and/or Clarifications
- APPENDIX J. OIG EVALUATION OF AGENCY RESPONSE
- APPENDIX K. DISTRIBUTION
- End Notes
- Chapter 4 FAQ ON EMISSION CONTROL AREA
- WHAT ARE THE INTERNATIONAL MARINE STANDARDS AND WHY IS APPLICATION FOR AREA DESIGNATION NECESSARY?
- WHO CAN APPLY FOR ECA DESIGNATION?
- WHAT ARE THE REQUIRED COMPONENTS OF AN ECA APPLICATION?
- WHAT IS THE EXPECTED TIMELINE FOR THE U.S. ECA APPLICATION TO THE IMO? WHEN AN APPLICATION IS SUBMITTED, WHAT ARE THE STEPS AND TIME-LINE FOR APPROVAL AND FOR IMPLEMENTATION?
- HOW WOULD VESSEL OPERATORS BE AFFECTED?
- ARE THERE ANY ECAS CURRENTLY IN EFFECT?
- IS THE U.S. INTENDING TO SUBMIT A JOINT APPLICATION WITH CANADA AND/OR MEXICO?
- HOW FAR OFF THE U.S. COASTLINE WILL THE ECA EXTEND? HOW WILL PRACTICALITIES LIKE THE SOVEREIGN WATERS OF ADJACENT NATIONS BE HANDLED IN THE APPLICATION?
- WILL THE COASTS OF ALASKA AND HAWAII (AND OTHER U.S. TERRITORIES) BE INCLUDED IN THE APPLICATION? IF NOT, CAN THEY BE INCLUDED IN THE FUTURE?
- WILL DESIGNATION OF A U.S. ECA ENCOURAGE SHIPPING LINES TO DIVERT "DISCRETIONARY" SHIPMENTS AWAY FROM U.S. PORTS (IN FAVOR OF NEARBY PORTS NOT WITHIN THE DESIGNATED ECA)?
- WILL THE LOW-SULFUR FUEL THAT MEETS THE ECA REQUIREMENTS BE AVAILABLE WHEN THE U.S. ECA GOES INTO FORCE? WHAT WILL HAPPEN IF THE FUEL IS NOT AVAILABLE IN TIME?
- WHAT ARE THE PROJECTED HEALTH BENEFITS FROM A U.S. ECA DESIGNATION? PROJECTED ECONOMIC BENEFITS? HOW DO THESE OUTWEIGH THE DIFFERENTIAL FUEL COSTS?
- HOW WOULD A U.S. ECA BE IMPLEMENTED AND ENFORCED UNDER U.S. LAW?
- HOW DOES AN ECA FIT INTO EPA'S CLEAN AIR ACT PROGRAM?
- End Notes
- Chapter 5 INTERNATIONAL MARITIME ORGANIZATION ADOPTS PROGRAM TO CONTROL AIR EMISSIONS FROM OCEANGOING VESSELS
- WHAT DID THE IMO DO?
- WHAT SHIPS ARE AFFECTED?
- HOW DO OCEANGOING VESSELS HARM U.S. AIR QUALITY?
- WHAT WILL THIS PROGRAM MEAN FOR THE ENVIRONMENT?
- WHY IS THE IMO PROCESS IMPORTANT?
- WHAT ARE THE NEW STANDARDS?
- HOW DOES THIS RELATE TO EPA'S RECENT ADVANCE NOTICE ON REDUCING POLLUTION FROM OCEANGOING VESSELS?
- Chapter 6 PROPOSAL TO DESIGNATE ON EMISSION CONTROL AREA FOR NITROGEN OXIDES, SULPHUR OXIDES AND PARTICULATE MATTER
- SUMMARY
- INTRODUCTION
- SUMMARY OF PROPOSAL
- Populations and Areas at Risk
- Contributions from Ships to Adverse Impacts
- Description of Area
- Ship Traffic and Meteorological Conditions
- Land-Based Emissions Controls
- Estimated Costs
- CONCLUSION
- ACTION REQUESTED
- ANNEX 1. INFORMATION RESPONDING TO THE CRITERIA IN APPENDIX III TO ANNEX VI
- 1. Introduction
- 1.1. Countries Submitting this ECA Proposal
- 1.2. Criteria for Designation of an Emission Control Area
- 2. Description of Area Proposed for ECA Designation
- 2.1. Proposed Area of Application
- 2.2. Types of Emissions Proposed for Control
- 2.2.1. SOX and PM
- 2.2.2. NOX.
- 2.2.3. Other Forms of Pollutants
- 2.3. Populations and Areas at Risk from Exposure to Ship Emissions
- 2.4. Conclusion
- 3. CONTRIBUTION OF SHIPS TO AIR POLLUTION AND OTHER ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS
- 3.1. Synopsis of the Assessment
- 3.2. U.S. and Canadian Emissions Inventory Summary
- 3.2.1. Emissions Inventory Modelling and Inputs for 2020 Current Performance Scenario
- 3.2.2. Emissions Inventory Development for 2020 ECA Performance Scenario
- 3.3. Ships' Contribution to Ambient Air Quality
- 3.3.1. Overview of Air Quality Modelling
- 3.3.2. Ships' Contribution to Ambient PM2.5 and Ozone Air Pollution in the U.S.
- 3.3.2.1. PM2.5 Contribution
- 3.3.2.2. Ozone Contribution
- 3.3.3. Ships' Contribution to Ambient Air Pollution in Canada
- 3.3.4. Improvement of Ambient Air Quality in the U.S. with the ECA
- 3.3.5. Improvement of Ambient Air Quality in Canada with the ECA
- 3.3.6. Conclusions
- 4. Impact of Emissions from Ships on Human Health
- 4.1. Health Effects Related to Exposure to Air Pollutants
- 4.1.1. Nature of PM Health Effects
- 4.1.2. Nature of Ozone Health Effects
- 4.2. Quantified Human Health Impacts from Exposure to Ship Emissions
- 4.2.1. U.S. Human Health Impacts
- 4.2.2. Canadian Human Health Impacts
- 4.3. Conclusion
- 5. Impact of Emissions from Ships on Ecosystems
- 5.1. Overview of Deposition Resulting from Ship NOX, SOX and PM Emissions
- 5.1.1. Environmental and Ecosystem Impacts and Areas at Risk
- 5.1.2. U.S. Modelling Results for Sulphur and Nitrogen Deposition
- 5.1.3. Canadian Modelling Results for Sulphur and Nitrogen Deposition
- 5.1.4. Exceedances of Ecosystem Critical Deposition Loads in Canada Resulting from Ship Emissions
- 5.2. Impacts Associated with Deposition of PM2.5 and Air Toxics
- 5.3. U.S. Visibility Impacts
- 5.4. Ozone Impacts on Forest Health
- 5.5. Conclusion.