The Right to Food and the World Trade Organization's Rules on Agriculture : Conflicting, Compatible, or Complementary?.

Detalles Bibliográficos
Clasificación:Libro Electrónico
Autor principal: Ferguson, Rhonda
Formato: Electrónico eBook
Idioma:Inglés
Publicado: Boston : BRILL, 2018.
Colección:International Studies in Human Rights Ser.
Temas:
Agriculture > Economic aspects.
Right to food.
World Trade Organization.
Agriculture > Aspect économique.
Droit à l'alimentation.
Agriculture > Economic aspects
Right to food
Acceso en línea:Texto completo
Tabla de Contenidos:
  • Intro
  • The Right to Food and the WorldTrade Organization's Rules onAgriculture
  • Contents
  • Acknowledgements
  • Table of Cases
  • African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights
  • Inter-American Court
  • European Court of Human rights
  • GATT
  • International Court of Justice
  • Permanent Court of International Justice
  • WTO Cases
  • Domestic Decisions
  • India
  • South Africa
  • United Kingdom
  • List of Abbreviations
  • Introduction
  • 1.1 Rationale
  • 1.2 Methodology
  • 1.2.1 Scope
  • 1.2.2 Approach to Analysis
  • 1.3 Structure
  • The Fragmentation of International Law
  • the World Trade Organization and International Human Rights Regimes
  • 2.1 Introduction
  • 2.2 What is Fragmentation?
  • 2.2.1 Academic and Practitioner Concerns
  • 2.2.2 Narratives
  • 2.3 Characteristics of a Fragmented International Legal Order
  • 2.3.1 Global Legal Pluralism
  • 2.3.1.1 Regionalism
  • 2.3.2 Voluntarism
  • 2.3.3 Indeterminacy
  • 2.3.4 Hierarchy, or the Absence Thereof
  • 2.3.4.1 Jus Cogens Norms
  • 2.3.4.2 The Charter of the United Nations
  • United Nations Security Council Resolutions
  • 2.3.4.3 Erga Omnes Obligations
  • 2.3.5 Specialization
  • 2.3.5.1 Self-Contained Regimes
  • 2.4 Regimes of Relevance
  • 2.4.1 World Trade Organization
  • 2.4.1.1 The World Trade Organization and General International Law
  • 2.4.1.2 The World Trade Organization and Other Special Law
  • 2.4.2 International Human Rights Law
  • 2.4.2.1 Interpretation of Human Rights Instruments
  • Replacing or Filling in for General International Law
  • 2.4.2.2 The Place of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights in International Human Rights Law
  • 2.5 Conclusion
  • Conflict of Norms in International Law
  • Theories and Practice
  • 3.1 Introduction to Conflict of Norms
  • 3.2 Defining Parameters
  • 3.2.1 The Focus on Norms in International Law.
  • 3.2.2 Legal Norms, Non-Legal Norms, and the Threshold of Legality
  • 3.3 To Whom are Obligations Owed, and Why does it Matter to Norm Conflict Theories and Resolution Techniques?
  • 3.3.1 'AB:AB' and 'AB:AC' Types of Conflicts
  • 3.4 Apparent Versus Genuine Conflicts
  • 3.5 Problematizing the Presumption Against Conflict
  • 3.5.1 Strategic Conflicts
  • 3.6 Defining Conflict of Norms
  • 3.6.1 Logical Inconsistency as Conflict in Normative Systems
  • 3.6.2 Narrow Definitions in International Law Doctrine
  • 3.6.2.1 Problematizing Narrow Definitions
  • 3.6.3 Broadening the Scope of Conflict
  • 3.6.3.1 Clashes of Values as Norm Conflict
  • 3.6.4 Conflict Definitions in Practice
  • 3.7 Conflict Resolution
  • the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties and Techniques
  • 3.7.1 Limitations of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties
  • 3.7.1.1 Same Subject-Matter as a Criterion
  • 3.7.1.2 Principle of Political Decision
  • 3.7.2 Lex prior
  • 3.7.3 Lex posterior
  • 3.7.4 Lex specialis
  • 3.8 Conclusion
  • The Human Right to Adequate Food and Corresponding Obligations
  • 4.1 Introduction to the Right to Adequate Food
  • 4.2 The Right to Food as an Economic, Social, and Cultural Right
  • 4.2.1 The Proliferation of Voluntary Instruments on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
  • 4.3 Key Formal Source in International Law: ICESCR
  • 4.3.1 Overarching Obligations
  • 4.3.1.1 Progressive Realization
  • 4.3.1.2 Available Resources
  • Minimum Core
  • 4.3.1.3 International Cooperation-Financial and Technical
  • 4.3.1.4 Responsibility and Individual States
  • 4.3.2 The Right to Food
  • 4.3.2.1 Article 11.1
  • 4.3.2.2 Article 11.2
  • To Improve Methods of Production
  • To Improve Conservation
  • To Improve Distribution
  • Making use of Technical and Scientific Knowledge
  • Agrarian Reform.
  • Addressing the Problems of Net Food-Importing and Net Food-Exporting Countries
  • 4.4 Notes on the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights and General Comment 12
  • 4.5 Collective Responsibility
  • 4.6 Concepts Related to the Right to Food
  • 4.6.1 Food Security
  • 4.6.2 Food Sovereignty
  • 4.7 Conclusion
  • Market Access
  • 5.1 Introduction to Market Accessibility
  • 5.2 Market Access in the Multilateral Trade System
  • Divergent Opinions
  • 5.2.1 Rationale for Reducing Barriers to Market Access in Light of the Right to Food
  • 5.2.1.1 To Create an Enabling Environment
  • 5.2.1.2 To Enhance Economic Access to Food for Producers
  • 5.2.1.3 To Promote the Efficient use of Resources and Improved Production
  • 5.2.1.4 To Promote the Availability of Food for Consumers
  • 5.2.2 Rationale for Maintaining Regulatory Autonomy or Protectionist Measures Regarding Market Access in Light of the Right to Food
  • 5.2.2.1 To Protect Producer Livelihoods
  • 5.2.2.2 To Maintain Production Capacity and to Respect Current Levels of Food Access and Availability
  • 5.2.2.3 To Ensure Food Quality, Safety, and Acceptability
  • 5.2.2.4 Other Considerations with Respect to Regulatory Autonomy
  • 5.3 Market Access Provisions Under the Agreement on Agriculture
  • 5.3.1 Primary Source of the Obligation to Reduce Barriers to Market Access
  • 5.3.2 Conversion of Barriers into Tariffs and the Prohibition of Non-Tariff Barriers
  • 5.3.3 Special Safeguard Measures
  • 5.3.4 Special Treatment
  • 5.3.4.1 Issues Arising from Tariffication
  • 5.4 Are the Elements of a Conflict of Norms Present Between the Right to Food and Market Access Provisions?
  • 5.4.1 The Same Subject-Matter Criterion
  • 5.4.2 Choice of Definitions
  • Beginning with Narrow Definitions and the Test of Joint Compliance
  • 5.4.3 Broadening the Scope of Definitions and the Test of Violation.
  • 5.4.3.1 Subjectivity and 'Appropriate' Measures
  • 5.4.4 Exemptions and Permissions
  • 5.4.4.1 A Closer Look at the Exemptions and Flexibilities for Developing Countries in regard to Market Access Commitments
  • 5.4.4.2 The Limitations of the Special Safeguard Measures
  • 5.4.4.3 The Limitations of the Special Treatment Flexibilities
  • 5.5 Conclusion
  • Domestic and Export Subsidies
  • 6.1 Introduction to Subsidies in the World Trade Regime
  • 6.2 Agricultural Subsidies and the Right to Food
  • 6.2.1 Rationale for the Provision of Support to Agriculture in Light of the Right to Food
  • 6.2.1.1 To Improve Production in Relation to Need
  • 6.2.1.2 To Protect Producer Livelihood
  • 6.2.1.3 To Preserve of Rural Society and the Environment
  • 6.2.1.4 To Encourage Development: R & D, Innovation, and New Industries
  • 6.2.1.5 Political and Security Considerations
  • 6.2.2 Rationale for Reducing or Ending Agricultural Subsidies in Light of the Right to Food
  • 6.2.2.1 To Improve Market Function: Making Markets Fairer
  • 6.2.2.2 To Promote the Efficient Use of Resources in Relation to Need
  • 6.2.2.3 Capacity Needed for the Effective Use of Subsidies
  • 6.2.2.4 Food aid
  • 6.3 Subsidy Provisions Under the Agreement on Agriculture
  • 6.3.1 Source of Commitments on Subsidies
  • 6.3.2 Domestic Supports Provisions
  • 6.3.2.1 Green Box and Other Measures Exempt from Commitments
  • 6.3.2.2 Blue Box
  • 6.3.2.3 Amber Box
  • 6.3.2.4 Aggregate Measures of Support
  • contradictions and complications
  • 6.3.2.5 Proposed Amendments, Post-World Food Crisis
  • 6.3.3 Export Subsidy Provisions
  • 6.3.3.1 Export Subsidies Disguised as Aid and the Nairobi Package
  • 6.4 Are the Elements of a Conflict of Norms Present Between the Right to Food and the Subsidies Provisions?
  • 6.4.1 The Test of Joint Compliance
  • 6.4.2 Test of Violation.
  • 6.4.2.1 Does the Implementation of the World Trade Organization's Agriculture Rules Represent Retrogressive Measures?
  • 6.4.2.2 The Effect of the Peace Clause
  • 6.4.3 Revisiting the Indeterminacy of the Right to Food
  • Human Rights as Counterweights to Trade Rules within the WTO Dispute Settlement Mechanism
  • 6.4.3.1 Evolutionary Interpretations of the Right to Food and Related Concepts in the WTO
  • 6.4.3.2 Some Final Thoughts on the Concepts of Accumulation and Conflict
  • 6.4.2.3 ICESCR Article 4: Limitations on the Right to food
  • 6.5 Conclusion
  • Locating Entryways for the Right to Food in wtoAgricultural Trade Rules
  • Are Backdoor Exceptionsand Unilateral Conditions Enough to Transform theRelationship into one of Complementarity?
  • 7.1 Introduction
  • 7.2 The GATT Exceptions
  • 7.2.1 Using GATT Article XX to Secure Respect for the Right to Food Extraterritorially
  • 7.2.2 Are Human Rights Measure Necessary and the Least Trade Restrictive Options Available?
  • 7.2.2.1 The Contested Applicability of GATT Article XX to Annexed Agreements
  • 7.2.2.2 GATT Article XX in Recent Practice and the Case for Indigenous Peoplesʼ Livelhoods
  • 7.2.3 GATT Article XXI
  • 7.2.3.1 The Right to Food as a mere Exception
  • 7.3 The Generalized System of Preferences
  • 7.3.1 The GSP in the WTO
  • 7.3.2 What do GSP Schemes Have to do with the Right to Food?
  • 7.4 Transforming Agricultural Production and Trade
  • 7.4.1 From Harmonious Interpretations to Promoting Genuine Complementarity
  • 7.5 Conclusion
  • Conclusion
  • 8.1 Neither Conflict nor Compatibility
  • 8.1.1 More Clarification, Stronger Legal Obligations, and Greater Accountability Needed for the Right to Food
  • 8.1.2 A Clash of Values
  • 8.2 Limitations of the Research and Looking Forward
  • Bibliography
  • Index.

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