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|a Handbook of linguistic annotation /
|c Nancy Ide, James Pustejovsky, editors.
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|a Heidelberg :
|b Springer,
|c [2017]
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|c Ã2017
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|a 1 online resource (ix, 1459 pages)
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|a Includes bibliographical references.
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|a This handbook offers a thorough treatment of the science of linguistic annotation. Leaders in the field guide the reader through the process of modeling, creating an annotation language, building a corpus and evaluating it for correctness. Essential reading for both computer scientists and linguistic researchers. Linguistic annotation is an increasingly important activity in the field of computational linguistics because of its critical role in the development of language models for natural language processing applications. Part one of this book covers all phases of the linguistic annotation process, from annotation scheme design and choice of representation format through both the manual and automatic annotation process, evaluation, and iterative improvement of annotation accuracy. The second part of the book includes case studies of annotation projects across the spectrum of linguistic annotation types, including morpho-syntactic tagging, syntactic analyses, a range of semantic analyses (semantic roles, named entities, sentiment and opinion), time and event and spatial analyses, and discourse level analyses including discourse structure, co-reference, etc. Each case study addresses the various phases and processes discussed in the chapters of part one.
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|a Print version record.
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|a 1 Introduction: The Handbook of Linguistic Annotation; 1 Introduction; 2 A Brief Anatomy of Linguistic Annotation Projects; 3 History, Evolution, and State-of-the-Art; 4 Part II: Case Studies; 5 Conclusion; Part I The Science of Annotation; 2 Designing Annotation Schemes: From Theory to Model; 1 Introduction; 2 Annotation Methodology; 2.1 The MATTER Cycle; 2.2 The CASCADES Model; 3 Scoping the Phenomena; 4 Theoretical Models; 4.1 Tense and Aspect; 4.2 Event Semantics; 4.3 Time Expressions; 4.4 Temporal Relations; 4.5 Subordinating Relations; 5 Developing a Preliminary Model
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|a 5.1 Identifying the Basic Elements5.2 Details of the Initial Model; 5.3 Modeling Subordination with SLINK; 5.4 TimeML Becomes ISO-TimeML; 6 The Resulting Model for ISO-TimeML; 6.1 Structural Properties; 6.2 Stand-Off Annotation; 6.3 Representing Relational Constraints; 6.4 Measuring Events; 6.5 Counting Events; 6.6 Specifying the Metamodel; 6.7 Abstract Syntax; 7 Conclusion; 3 Designing Annotation Schemes: From Model to Representation; 1 Introduction; 2 Background; 3 Representation Schemes for Text; 3.1 Segments; 3.2 Annotation Structure; 3.3 Relation Annotation; 3.4 Hierarchical Structures
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|a 4 Representation Schemes for Multi-modal Data4.1 Varieties of Multimodal Annotation; 4.2 Characteristics of Multimodal Annotations; 4.3 File Formats for Multi-modal Tools; 5 Generalized Representation Schemes; 5.1 XML Formats for Standoff Annotations; 5.2 Linked Data Representations; 5.3 Repositories of Linguistic Concepts; 6 Choosing Representation Schemes; 4 Community Standards for Linguistically-Annotated Resources; 1 Introduction; 2 History; 3 Broad-Based Standards: The Text Encoding Initiative; 3.1 The TEI Specification Framework; 3.2 TEI and Linguistic Annotations
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|a 3.3 Relation to ISO Standards3.4 Linguistic Annotation Projects Based Upon the TEI Guidelines; 3.5 Summary; 4 Ongoing Efforts: ISO Standards for Language Resource Management; 4.1 Linguistic Annotation Framework; 4.2 ISO SemAF: Semantic Annotation Schemes; 4.3 ISOcat; 4.4 Concluding Remarks; 5 De Facto Standards: CoNLL and Dependency Annotations; 6 Standards for Spoken Language Data; 6.1 Domains of Spoken Language: Standards Versus Diversity; 6.2 Spoken Language Resources: Annotation Standards; 6.3 Outlook: Technology, Quality Assessment and Standards Convergence
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|a 7 Toward Linked Data: NLP Interchange Format (NIF)7.1 URI Schemes; 7.2 NIF Core Ontology; 7.3 Use Cases for NIF; 7.4 Qualitative Comparison with Other Frameworks and Formats; 7.5 Lessons Learned, Conclusions and Future Work; 8 Summary and Recommendations; 5 Overview of Annotation Creation: Processes and Tools; 1 Annotation: More Than Just a Scheme; 2 Overview of the Annotation Process; 2.1 MATTER and MAMA; 2.2 Additional Stages; 3 Basic Tool Considerations; 3.1 Choosing the Right Tools; 3.2 Creating the Right Tools; 3.3 Common Problems with Tools; 4 Tool Features; 4.1 Common Features
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|a ProQuest Ebook Central
|b Ebook Central Academic Complete
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650 |
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|a Computational linguistics.
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|a Corpora (Linguistics)
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|a Linguistique informatique.
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|a Corpus (Linguistique)
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|a computational linguistics.
|2 aat
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|a Humanities.
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|a Databases.
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|a User interface design & usability.
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|a Computational linguistics.
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|a LANGUAGE ARTS & DISCIPLINES
|x Linguistics
|x Historical & Comparative.
|2 bisacsh
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|a Computational linguistics
|2 fast
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|a Corpora (Linguistics)
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|a Ide, Nancy M.,
|e editor.
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|a Pustejovsky, J.
|q (James),
|e editor.
|1 https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJxt3B9bbKYDtmxpqBWbh3
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|i has work:
|a Handbook of linguistic annotation (Text)
|1 https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PCFYHhBJBF797XYxqj6tPcd
|4 https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/ontology/hasWork
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|i Print version:
|t Handbook of linguistic annotation.
|d Heidelberg : Springer Verlag GmbH u. Co. 2017
|z 9789402408799
|w (OCoLC)967833196
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