Effects on the Atmosphere of a Major Nuclear Exchange.

Detalles Bibliográficos
Clasificación:Libro Electrónico
Autor principal: Staff, National Research Council
Formato: Electrónico eBook
Idioma:Inglés
Publicado: Washington : National Academies Press, 1985.
Temas:
Nuclear energy and meteorology > Environmental aspects.
Nuclear explosions > Environmental aspects.
Smoke > Environmental aspects.
Dust > Environmental aspects.
Fires.
Fires
Énergie nucléaire et météorologie > Aspect de l'environnement.
Explosions nucléaires > Aspect de l'environnement.
Fumée > Aspect de l'environnement.
Poussière > Aspect de l'environnement.
Incendies.
fire (physical concept)
Dust > Environmental aspects
Nuclear explosions > Environmental aspects
Smoke > Environmental aspects
Acceso en línea:Texto completo
Tabla de Contenidos:
  • The Effects on the Atmosphere of a Major Nuclear Exchange
  • Copyright
  • NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL
  • Acknowledgments
  • Contents
  • 1 Summary and Conclusions
  • BACKGROUND
  • THE COMMITTEE'S BASELINE CASE
  • NOTES ON THE NATURE AND SIGNIFICANCE OF UNCERTAINTY
  • CONCLUSIONS
  • REFERENCES
  • 2 Recommendations for Research
  • REFERENCES
  • 3 The Baseline Nuclear Exchange
  • 4 Dust
  • NUCLEAR CLOUD DYNAMICS
  • DUST LOFTING BY A NUCLEAR CLOUD
  • SOURCES OF DUST
  • OBSERVATIONS OF NUCLEAR DUST CLOUDS
  • PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTIONS
  • OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF AIRBORNE DUSTDUST LOFTED IN THE BASELINE CASE
  • EXCURSIONS
  • SUMMARY
  • REFERENCES
  • 5 Fires
  • OVERVIEW
  • PRESENT-DAY SMOKE EMISSION AND REMOVAL
  • HISTORICAL FIRE EXPERIENCE
  • Earthquakes
  • World War II
  • Forest Fires
  • Experimental fires
  • IGNITION OF NUCLEAR FIRES
  • Thermal phenomena
  • Urban Ignition
  • Forest Ignition
  • BURDENS AND DISTRIBUTIONS OF COMBUSTIBLE MATERIALS
  • Urban Combustibles
  • Forest and Wildland Combustibles
  • Urban Combustibles Consumed
  • Forest and Wildland Fuels Consumed
  • SMOKE EMISSIONS AND PROPERTIESUrban Smoke
  • Emission Factors
  • Size Distribution and Composition
  • Optical Properties
  • Forest Fire Smoke
  • Fire Burning Times
  • Smoke Injection Altitudes
  • Water in Nuclear Clouds
  • Removal from the Plume
  • ESTIMATING SMOKE EMISSIONS IN A MAJOR NUCLEAR EXCHANGE
  • Baseline Estimates
  • Excursions from the Baseline Case
  • Optical Depth Excursions
  • UNCERTAINTIES
  • SUMMARY
  • REFERENCES
  • APPENDIX 5-1: OBSERVATION OF PLUME HEIGHTS AND ASH TRANSPORT IN LARGE FIRES, BY F.E. FENDELL
  • Plume Heights
  • Smoke ObscurationREFERENCES
  • APPENDIX 5-2: WATER IN NUCLEAR CLOUDS
  • Explosion Clouds
  • Fire Plumes
  • Water Perturbation
  • CO2 Perturbation
  • Effects of Water Injections
  • Indirect Water Perturbations
  • REFERENCES
  • 6 Chemistry
  • GASEOUS EMISSIONS FROM NUCLEAR FIREBALLS AND NUCLEAR WAR FIRES
  • Nitric Oxide
  • Fire Emissions
  • Carbon Monoxide
  • Hydrocarbons
  • Oxides of Nitrogen
  • EFFECTS OF EMISSIONS
  • Ozone Shield Reduction
  • Ozone Holes and Effects of NO2 Radiation Absorption
  • Effects on Ozone of Past Nuclear Weapons Tests
  • Uncertainty in Model ResultsTropospheric Composition Changes
  • Toxic Chemical Releases
  • REFERENCES
  • 7 Atmospheric Effects and Interactions
  • OVERVIEW
  • EARLY SPREAD AND EVOLUTION OF PARTICULATE CLOUDS
  • DIRECT OPTICAL EFFECTS
  • THERMAL EFFECTS IN ONE-DIMENSIONAL MODELS
  • THERMAL AND CIRCULATION EFFECTS CALCULATED BY MULTIDIMENSIONAL MODELS
  • MODIFICATION OF CLOUDINESS, PRECIPITATION, AND WINDS
  • Ground Fog
  • Cloudiness and Precipitation
  • Zonal Mean Winds
  • Other Large-Scale Wind Systems
  • Ultra-High Clouds

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