Climate change : observed impacts on planet Earth /

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Detalles Bibliográficos
Clasificación:Libro Electrónico
Otros Autores: Letcher, T. M. (Trevor M.) (Editor )
Formato: Electrónico eBook
Idioma:Inglés
Publicado: Amsterdam, Netherlands : Elsevier Ltd., 2015.
Edición:Second edition.
Temas:
Climatic changes.
Global environmental change.
Climat > Changements.
Changement global (Environnement)
climate change.
SCIENCE > Earth Sciences > Geography.
SCIENCE > Earth Sciences > Geology.
Climatic changes
Global environmental change
Acceso en línea:Texto completo
Tabla de Contenidos:
  • Front Cover
  • Climate Change Observed Impacts on Planet Earth
  • Copyright
  • Contents
  • List of Contributors
  • Preface
  • PART 1
  • A GEOLOGICAL HISTORY OF CLIMATE CHANGE
  • 1
  • CLIMATE CHANGE THROUGH EARTH'S HISTORY
  • 1. INTRODUCTION
  • 2. CLIMATE MODELS
  • 3. LONG-TERM CLIMATE TRENDS
  • 4. EARLY CLIMATE HISTORY
  • 5. PHANEROZOIC GLACIATIONS
  • 6. THE MESOZOIC
  • EARLY CENOZOIC GREENHOUSE
  • 7. DEVELOPMENT OF THE CENOZOIC ICEHOUSE
  • 8. ASTRONOMICAL MODULATION OF CLIMATE
  • 9. MILANKOVITCH CYCLICITY IN QUATERNARY (PLEISTOCENE) CLIMATE HISTORY
  • 10. QUATERNARY SUB-MILANKOVITCH CYCLICITY
  • 11. THE HOLOCENE
  • 12. CLIMATE OF THE ANTHROPOCENE
  • 13. CONCLUSIONS
  • REFERENCES
  • PART 2
  • INDICATORS OF CLIMATE CHANGE
  • 2
  • GLOBAL SURFACE TEMPERATURES
  • 1. INTRODUCTION
  • 2. BASIC DATA AVAILABILITY
  • 3. ANALYSES OF LAND SURFACE AIR TEMPERATURES
  • 4. ANALYSES OF SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURES
  • 5. GLOBAL CHANGES
  • 6. UNCERTAINTY QUANTIFICATION
  • 7. CHARACTERIZATION OF EXTREMES AND VARIABILITY
  • 8. FUTURE RESEARCH DIRECTIONS
  • 9. CONCLUSIONS
  • REFERENCES
  • 3
  • ARCTIC SEA ICE
  • 1. INTRODUCTION
  • 2. OBSERVED CHANGES IN THE STATE OF ARCTIC SEA ICE
  • 2.1 SEA ICE EXTENT AND CONCENTRATION
  • 2.2 SEA ICE THICKNESS AND VOLUME
  • 2.3 SEA ICE DRIFT
  • 2.4 SEA ICE AGE
  • 2.5 LENGTH OF MELT SEASON
  • 3. CLASSIFYING AND COMPREHENDING THE OBSERVED CHANGES
  • 4. CONCLUSIONS
  • Acknowledgements
  • REFERENCES
  • 4
  • ANTARCTIC SEA ICE CHANGES AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS
  • 1. INTRODUCTION
  • 2. WHY ANTARCTIC ICE IS DIFFERENT
  • 3. SNOW ON THE ICE
  • 4. THE ANNUAL ICE CYCLE AND ITS CHANGES
  • 5. WHAT IS HAPPENING TO THE ICE?
  • 6. RESPONSE OF THE ANTARCTIC TO CHANGES ELSEWHERE
  • REFERENCES
  • 5
  • LAND ICE: INDICATOR AND INTEGRATOR OF CLIMATE CHANGE
  • 1. INTRODUCTION
  • 1.1 GEOGRAPHICAL CONTEXT
  • 1.2 ANATOMY OF AN ICE SHEET
  • 1.3 LAND ICE AND SEA LEVEL.
  • 2. MASS BALANCE OF GLACIERS AND ICE SHEETS
  • 2.1 SURFACE MASS BALANCE
  • 2.2 ICE DYNAMICS
  • 3. LONG-TERM BEHAVIOUR
  • 3.1 GLACIAL-INTERGLACIAL CYCLES
  • 3.2 HOLOCENE VARIABILITY
  • 4. OBSERVATIONS OF RECENT CHANGES
  • 4.1 GLACIERS AND ICE CAPS
  • 4.2 ICE SHEETS
  • 5. CONCLUDING REMARKS
  • REFERENCES
  • 6
  • POLEWARD EXPANSION OF THE ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION
  • 1. INTRODUCTION
  • 2. THE GENERAL CIRCULATION OF THE ATMOSPHERE
  • 3. EVIDENCE FOR CIRCULATION CHANGE
  • 3.1 THE WIDENING TROPICS
  • 3.2 INDICATORS OF TROPICAL WIDTH
  • 3.3 THE DECREASING INTENSITY OF THE TROPICAL CIRCULATION
  • 3.4 EXTRATROPICAL CIRCULATION CHANGE
  • 3.5 MAGNITUDE OF PAST AND FUTURE TRENDS
  • 4. CAUSE FOR CIRCULATION CHANGE
  • 4.1 DIRECT VERSUS INDIRECT EFFECTS
  • 4.2 NATURAL AND ANTHROPOGENIC SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE VARIATIONS
  • 4.3 TROPICAL SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE VARIATIONS
  • 4.4 EXTRATROPICAL SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE VARIATIONS
  • 4.5 STRUCTURE OF SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE VARIATIONS
  • 4.6 ARCTIC TEMPERATURE CHANGE
  • 4.7 GREENHOUSE GAS INCREASES
  • 4.8 DEPLETION AND RECOVERY OF STRATOSPHERIC OZONE
  • 4.9 SOLAR VARIABILITY
  • 4.10 NATURAL AND ANTHROPOGENIC AEROSOL
  • 4.11 LINEARITY OF THE RESPONSE
  • 5. EMERGING DYNAMICAL MECHANISMS
  • 5.1 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CIRCULATION, CLOUDS, AND RADIATION
  • 5.2 STRATOSPHERIC LINKAGES
  • 5.3 TROPOPAUSE HEIGHTS
  • 5.4 STATIC STABILITY
  • 5.5 TROPICAL PUSH
  • 5.6 EXTRATROPICAL PULL
  • 6. SUMMARY, OUTSTANDING PROBLEMS, AND CONCLUSIONS
  • Acknowledgements
  • LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
  • REFERENCES
  • 7
  • WEATHER PATTERN CHANGES IN THE TROPICS AND MID-LATITUDES
  • 1. INTRODUCTION
  • 2. OBSERVED CHANGES IN SEA LEVEL PRESSURE
  • 3. OBSERVED CHANGES IN EXTRATROPICAL PATTERNS
  • 4. CHANGES IN TROPICAL PATTERNS
  • 4.1 EL NIÑO SOUTHERN OSCILLATION
  • 4.2 TROPICAL CYCLONES
  • 4.3 MONSOONS
  • 5. CONCLUSIONS
  • REFERENCES
  • 8
  • BIRD ECOLOGY.
  • 1. INTRODUCTION
  • 2. INDICATORS OF CHANGE
  • 2.1 RANGE
  • 2.1.1 Size and Position of Breeding Ranges
  • 2.1.2 Ranges During the Nonbreeding Season
  • 2.2 MIGRATION
  • 2.2.1 Timing of Migration to the Breeding Grounds
  • 2.2.2 Timing of Migration from the Breeding Grounds
  • 2.2.3 Migration Routes and Wintering Areas
  • 2.2.4 Partial Migration
  • 2.2.5 Eruptions
  • 2.3 REPRODUCTION
  • 2.3.1 Onset of Breeding Period
  • 2.3.2 Length of Breeding Period
  • 2.3.3 Breeding Success
  • 2.3.4 Sexual Selection
  • 2.4 MORPHOLOGY
  • 2.5 DISEASES
  • 3. CONCLUSIONS
  • REFERENCES
  • 9
  • MAMMAL ECOLOGY
  • 1. INTRODUCTION: HOW DOES CLIMATE IMPACT MAMMALS?
  • 2. CLIMATE IMPACTS SCALE FROM LOCAL TO GLOBAL, DAILY TO GEOLOGICAL
  • 3. DEMONSTRATED IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON MAMMALS
  • 3.1 CLIMATE IMPACTS ON MAMMAL METABOLISM
  • 3.2 CLIMATE IMPACTS ON MAMMAL MORPHOLOGY
  • 3.3 CLIMATE IMPACTS ON MAMMAL PHENOLOGY
  • 3.4 CLIMATE IMPACTS ON MAMMAL POPULATION DYNAMICS
  • 3.5 CLIMATE IMPACTS ON MAMMAL RANGE LIMITS
  • 3.6 CLIMATE IMPACTS ON MAMMAL COMMUNITIES AND DIVERSITY
  • 4. CONCLUSION: LINKING TIME AND SPACE IN MAMMAL RESPONSES TO CLIMATE
  • REFERENCES
  • 10
  • INSECT COMMUNITIES
  • 1. INTRODUCTION
  • 2. RANGE CHANGES
  • 2.1 RANGE CHANGES
  • LIFE HISTORY
  • 2.2 RANGE CHANGES
  • ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS AND RESOURCE AVAILABILITY
  • 2.3 RANGE CHANGES AND ADAPTATION
  • 3. CHANGES IN PHENOLOGY
  • 3.1 PHENOLOGY CHANGES
  • MISMATCHES
  • 3.2 PHENOLOGY CHANGES
  • GENERATIONS AND ABUNDANCE
  • 3.3 PHENOLOGY AND ADAPTATION
  • 4. PHYSIOLOGY
  • 5. RESPONSES TO OTHER CLIMACTIC VARIABLES
  • 5.1 RESPONSES TO PRECIPITATION
  • 5.2 RESPONSES TO CO2 LEVELS
  • 5.3 INTERACTIVE EFFECTS OF WARMING, PRECIPITATION, AND CO2
  • 6. INSECT COMMUNITIES UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE
  • 7. CONCLUSION
  • REFERENCES
  • 11
  • SEA LIFE (PELAGIC ECOSYSTEMS)
  • 1. PELAGIC AND PLANKTONIC ECOSYSTEMS.
  • 1.1 SENSITIVITY OF PELAGIC AND PLANKTONIC ECOSYSTEMS TO CLIMATE AND GLOBAL CHANGE
  • 1.2 MARINE AND TERRESTRIAL BIOLOGICAL RESPONSES TO CLIMATE AND GLOBAL CHANGE
  • 1.3 OCEAN ACIDIFICATION AND OTHER ANTHROPOGENIC INFLUENCES ON PELAGIC AND PLANKTONIC ECOSYSTEMS
  • 2. OBSERVED IMPACTS ON PELAGIC AND PLANKTONIC ECOSYSTEMS
  • 2.1 BIOGEOGRAPHICAL CHANGES AND NORTHWARD SHIFTS
  • 2.2 LIFE CYCLE EVENTS AND PELAGIC PHENOLOGY
  • 2.3 PLANKTON ABUNDANCE AND PELAGIC PRODUCTIVITY
  • 2.4 PELAGIC BIODIVERSITY AND INVASIVE SPECIES
  • 3. CONCLUSION AND SUMMARY OF KEY INDICATORS
  • REFERENCES
  • 12
  • CHANGES IN CORAL REEF ECOSYSTEMS
  • 1. INTRODUCTION
  • 2. TROPICAL CORAL REEF ECOSYSTEMS
  • 3. THE ASSOCIATED FAUNA OF CORAL REEFS
  • 4. CONCLUSION
  • REFERENCES
  • 13
  • MARINE BIODIVERSITY AND CLIMATE CHANGE
  • 1. INTRODUCTION
  • 2. CLIMATE CHANGE IN THE OCEANS
  • 3. EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON MARINE BIODIVERSITY
  • 3.1 LOCAL SCALE
  • 3.2 REGIONAL SCALE
  • 3.3 GLOBAL SCALE
  • 3.4 OTHER FACTORS RELATING TO CLIMATE CHANGE
  • 4. CUMULATIVE IMPACTS AND INDIRECT EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE
  • 5. BIODIVERSITY AS INSURANCE AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS
  • 6. CONCLUSIONS
  • Acknowledgements
  • REFERENCES
  • 14
  • INTERTIDAL INDICATORS OF CLIMATE AND GLOBAL CHANGE
  • 1. INTRODUCTION
  • 2. CLIMATE CHANGE AND BIOGEOGRAPHY
  • 2.1 USING LONG-TERM DATA SETS TO DETECT CLIMATE CHANGE
  • 2.2 BIOGEOGRAPHIC RESPONSES OF INTERTIDAL BIOTA
  • 2.2.1 Europe
  • 2.2.2 Arctic
  • 2.2.3 United States
  • 2.2.4 Southern Hemisphere
  • 2.2.5 South Africa
  • 2.2.6 Asia
  • 2.3 EXTREME WEATHER EVENTS
  • 2.4 INTERACTIONS
  • 3. MECHANISMS AND MICROCLIMATE
  • 3.1 PHYSIOLOGY
  • 3.2 REPRODUCTION AND RECRUITMENT
  • 3.3 MODELLING
  • 4. ADDITIONAL IMPACTS OF GLOBAL CHANGE
  • 4.1 OCEAN ACIDIFICATION
  • 4.2 COASTAL ZONE DEVELOPMENT
  • 4.3 CLIMATE CHANGE AND NON-NATIVE SPECIES
  • 5. CONCLUSIONS
  • Acknowledgements.

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