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Liver regeneration : basic mechanisms, relevant models and clinical applications /

Liver Regeneration: Basic Mechanisms, Relevant Models and Clinical Applications presents cutting-edge information on liver regeneration research through an integrated, systems-wide perspective. The book addresses discoveries on hepatic progenitor cells, liver regeneration after chemical damage, and...

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Detalles Bibliográficos
Clasificación:	Libro Electrónico
Otros Autores:	Apte, Udayan M. (Editor )
Formato:	Electrónico eBook
Idioma:	Inglés
Publicado:	London : Elsevier : Academic Press, [2015]
Temas:	Liver > Regeneration. Liver > Diseases. Computer simulation. Digital computer simulation. Liver Regeneration > physiology Stem Cells > metabolism Computer Simulation Liver Regeneration Foie > Régénération. Simulation par ordinateur. simulation. MEDICAL > Anatomy. SCIENCE > Life Sciences > Human Anatomy & Physiology. Digital computer simulation Computer simulation Liver > Diseases Liver > Regeneration
Acceso en línea:	Texto completo

Tabla de Contenidos:

Front Cover
Liver Regeneration: Basic Mechanisms, Relevant Models and Clinical Applications
Copyright
Dedication
Contents
Contributors
Preface
Part I: Introduction
Chapter 1: Liver Regeneration: An Introduction
1.1. History
1.2. Models of Liver Regeneration
1.3. Mechanisms of Liver Regeneration
1.4. Regeneration Using Progenitor Cells
1.5. Mitogen-Induced Hepatocyte Proliferation
1.6. Frontiers
References
Part II: Methods to Assess Liver Regeneration
Chapter 2: Models to Study Liver Regeneration
2.1. Introduction
2.2. Main Models
2.2.1. Partial Hepatectomy
2.2.1.1. PH Procedure
2.2.1.2. Establishing Baseline, Time Course, and Proper Controls
2.2.2. Models of Liver Regeneration After Chemical-Induced Liver Injury
2.2.2.1. d-Galactosamine: Mechanism of Hepatotoxicity
2.2.2.1.1. d-Galactosamine: Hepatic Regenerative Response
2.2.2.2. Carbon Tetrachloride: Mechanism of Hepatotoxicity
2.2.2.2.1. CCl4: Hepatic Regenerative Response
2.2.2.3. Thioacetamide
2.2.2.4. Acetaminophen
2.2.2.5. Regeneration After Ischemia/Reflow
2.2.2.5.1. Mechanisms of I/R Injury and Repair
2.3. Alternate Models of Liver Growth
2.3.1. Postnatal Liver Growth
2.3.2. Pregnancy-Induced Liver Growth
2.4. Models to Study HPCs
2.4.1. 2-Acetylaminofluorene Combined with Partial Hepatectomy
2.4.2. The DDC Diet Model
2.4.3. The CDE Diet Model
2.5. Assays Used to Assess Liver Regeneration
2.5.1. PCNA Immunolocalization
2.5.2. 3H-TdR and BrdU Incorporation
2.5.3. Ki67 Immunolocalization
2.6. Additional Methods
References
Chapter 3: Liver Regeneration in Zebrafish
3.1. Introduction
3.2. The Therapeutic Impact of Zebrafish Research
3.3. Adult Liver Anatomy and Physiology
3.4. Liver Regeneration Following Partial Hepatectomy.
3.5. Drug-Induced Hepatotoxicity
3.6. Genetic Hepatocyte Ablation
3.7. Summary
References
Part III: Molecular Mechanisms of Liver Regeneration
Chapter 4: The Priming and Progression Theory of Liver Regeneration
4.1. Overview of Studies of Liver Regeneration
4.2. Salient Features of Liver Regeneration Prior to 1970
4.3. Identifying Hepatomitogens in the 1970s-1980s
4.4. 1990s: Development of the Priming and Progression Model, with a Focus on Inflammatory Stimuli During Regeneration
4.5. Priming Alone Versus Priming and Progression: 1/3 Versus 2/3 Hepatectomy
4.6. Controversies Regarding the Importance of Priming in Regeneration
4.7. Recent Insight into Cell-Cycle C̀̀ompetency ́́
4.8. The Role of NPCs in Priming and Progression
4.9. Future Directions
References
Chapter 5: Extracellular Signals Involved in Liver Regeneration: Direct and Auxiliary Mitogens
5.1. Hepatocyte Growth Assay
5.2. Complete Versus Auxiliary Mitogens
5.3. Complete or Direct Mitogens
5.3.1. Hepatocyte Growth Factor
5.3.2. Ligands of EGFR
5.4. Auxiliary Mitogens
5.5. TNFÜ
5.6. IL6
5.7. Norepinephrine
5.8. Insulin
5.9. Summary
References
Chapter 6: Developmental Pathways in Liver Regeneration-I
6.1. Introduction
6.2. Wnt/Ý-Catenin Signaling
6.2.1. Wnt/Ý-Catenin Signaling in Liver Growth
6.2.2. Ý-Catenin Signaling During Liver Regeneration After Partial Hepatectomy
6.2.2.1. Ý-Catenin Activation and Downstream Signaling After Partial Hepatectomy
6.2.2.2. Ý-Catenin Signaling in Toxicant-Induced Liver Injury and Regeneration
6.2.3. Enhanced Ý-Catenin Activation Stimulates Regeneration of Liver
6.2.4. Exogenous Ý-Catenin Activation and Liver Regeneration
6.2.5. Cell-Molecule Circuitry of Wnt Signaling in Liver Regeneration After Hepatectomy
6.3. Notch Signaling.
6.3.1. Notch Signaling in Hepatic Pathophysiology
6.3.2. Notch Signaling in Liver Regeneration After PH
6.4. Hippo Signaling
6.4.1. Hippo Signaling in Hepatic Pathophysiology
6.4.2. Hippo Signaling in Liver Regeneration After PH
6.5. NF-mB Signaling
6.5.1. Signaling Upstream of NF-mB
6.5.2. Signaling Downstream of NF-mB
6.5.3. Role of NF-mB Signaling in Liver Pathophysiology
6.5.4. Role of NF-mB Signaling in Liver Regeneration
6.6. Conclusions
References
Chapter 7: Mechanisms of Termination of Liver Regeneration
7.1. Introduction
7.2. Transforming Growth Factor Ý
7.3. Extracellular Matrix and Integrin-Linked Kinase
7.4. Glypican-3
7.5. Activin
7.6. C/EBPÜ
7.7. Cyclin E1 and E2
7.8. Nuclear Receptors
7.9. Hippo/Yap Signaling Pathway
7.10. MicroRNAs 34a and 23b
7.11. Conclusions
References
Chapter 8: Role of CXC Chemokines in Liver Repair and Regeneration
8.1. Introduction
8.2. Clinical Scenarios and Their Analogous Injury Models
8.3. General Principles of Liver Regeneration
8.4. Chemokines and Their Receptors
8.5. Roles for CXC Chemokines in Liver Regeneration
8.5.1. ELR+ Chemokines
8.5.2. ELR- Chemokines
8.6. CXC Chemokines and Hepatocyte Exosomes
8.7. Conclusion
References
Chapter 9: Bile Acid Receptors and Liver Regeneration
9.1. Introduction
9.2. Metabolic Signals and Liver Regeneration
9.3. BA Signaling and Liver Regeneration
9.4. FXR and Liver Regeneration
9.5. Intestine-FXR and Liver Regeneration
9.6. TGR5 and Liver Regeneration
9.7. FXR and HCC Development
9.8. Conclusions and Perspective
References
Chapter 10: Role of Developmental Morphogens in Liver Regeneration
10.1. Introduction
10.2. Overview of the Hedgehog Pathway
10.2.1. Understanding Hedgehog Ligands Physiology.
10.2.2. Hedgehog Pathway in Target Cells
10.2.3. The Role of Primary Cilium
10.2.4. Regulation of the Pathway and Noncanonical Pathway
10.3. Hedgehog Pathway After Partial Hepatectomy-Feeding Prometheus' Liver
10.4. Regenerating the Sick Liver
10.5. Conclusion
References
Chapter 11: Regulation of Cell Cycle During Liver Regeneration
11.1. Introduction
11.2. Rb and E2F1
11.3. Cyclin D-Cdk4/Cdk6
11.4. Cyclin E-Cdk2
11.5. Cyclin A
11.6. Cyclin B
11.7. Cdk1
11.8. Cell-Cycle Inhibitors
11.9. Concluding Remarks
References
Chapter 12: Changes in Hepatocyte Ploidy During Liver Regeneration
12.1. Introduction
12.2. Polyploidy in the Liver
12.2.1. Mechanisms for Hepatic Polyploidization
12.2.2. Function of Polyploid Hepatocytes
12.3. Genetic Diversity in the Liver
12.3.1. Ploidy Reversal and Aneuploidy in the Liver
12.3.2. Hepatic Cell Divisions with Multipolar Spindles
12.3.3. Control of Liver Diversity and the Link to Cancer
12.4. An Integrated Model for Polyploidy, Ploidy Reversal, and Aneuploidy in the Liver
12.4.1. The Ploidy Conveyor
12.4.2. The Ploidy Conveyor as a Mechanism for Liver Adaptation
12.5. Conclusion
References
Chapter 13: Computational Modeling as an Approach to Study the Cellular and Molecular Regulatory Networks Driving Liver Re ...
13.1. Introduction
13.2. Extended Computational Model of Liver Regeneration Including Cell Growth
13.3. Modes of Regeneration Identified by Sampling Computational Model Parameter Space
13.4. Dynamic Regulation of the Regenerating Liver Revealed Using Sensitivity Analyses
13.5. Model Limitations, Future Directions, and Experimental Insights
13.6. Conclusions
References
Chapter 14: Mitogen-Induced Cell Proliferation and Cancer Promotion in the Liver
14.1. Introduction.
14.2. Cancer Promotion
14.3. Cytokine-Activating Mitogens
14.4. Drug-Induced Hyperplasia
14.5. PPAR-Induced Proliferation
14.6. CAR-Induced Proliferation
14.7. THR-Induced Proliferation
14.8. Minor Proliferative Responses Induced by Nuclear Receptors
14.9. Human Proliferative Responses
14.10. Conclusions
References
Chapter 15: Metabolic Regulation of Liver Regeneration
15.1. Introduction
15.2. The Metabolic Response to Hepatic Insufficiency
15.3. Evidence for the Metabolic Regulation of Liver Regeneration
15.3.1. PH-Induced Liver Regeneration Occurs in Proportion to Associated Alterations in Metabolism
15.3.2. Glucose Supplementation Impairs Experimental Liver Regeneration
15.3.3. Disrupting Regenerative Hepatic Steatosis Compromises Liver Regeneration
15.3.4. Amino Acid Metabolism is Specifically Altered During Experimental Liver Regeneration
15.3.5. Regenerative Regulation of Metabolism
15.4. Candidate Mechanisms Linking Metabolism to Regeneration
15.4.1. Nuclear Hormone Receptor-Dependent Hepatocellular Proliferation
15.4.2. Metabolic Influences on Epigenetic Regulation of Liver Regeneration
15.4.3. Other Considerations and Areas for Future Basic Research
15.5. Clinical Implications
15.5.1. Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
15.5.2. Aging
15.5.3. Subtotal Hepatectomy
15.5.4. Hepatic Regenerative Metabolomic Biomarkers
15.6. Summary and Conclusions
References
Chapter 16: Liver Regeneration: The Biliary Perspective
16.1. Introduction
16.1.1. Biliary Function
16.1.2. Anatomy and Heterogeneity of the Biliary Tree
16.2. Characteristics of Biliary Regeneration
16.2.1. Type I or T̀̀ypical ́́Cholangiocyte Proliferation
16.2.2. Type II or À̀typical ́́Cholangiocyte Proliferation
16.2.3. Type III or Oval Cell Proliferation.

Liver regeneration : basic mechanisms, relevant models and clinical applications /

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