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Fuels, energy, and the environment /

"Developed specifically for mechanical chemical, and petroleum engineering students, this book provides an up-to-date, informed, well-integrated, and balanced overview of the field of fuels science and technology with particular reference to energy supplies, efficiency, and the environment. It...

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Detalles Bibliográficos
Clasificación:	Libro Electrónico
Autor principal:	Karim, G. A.
Formato:	Electrónico eBook
Idioma:	Inglés
Publicado:	Hoboken : CRC Press, 2013.
Temas:	Renewable energy sources. Energy conservation. Énergies renouvelables. Économies d'énergie. energy conservation. SCIENCE > Energy. TECHNOLOGY & ENGINEERING > Chemical & Biochemical. TECHNOLOGY & ENGINEERING > Mechanical. Energy conservation Renewable energy sources
Acceso en línea:	Texto completo

Tabla de Contenidos:

1 Introduction 1
1.1 Preamble 1
1.2 Different Forms of Energy 2
1.3 Primary Sources of Energy 2
1.4 Non-Fossil Fuel Based Energy 4
1.4.1 Hydropower 4
1.4.2 Ocean/Wave Energy 4
1.4.3 Wind Energy 4
1.4.4 Solar Energy 5
1.4.5 Geothermal Energy 9
1.4.6 Nuclear Energy 9
1.5 Considering the Losses of Energy from Its Production Source to Its Point of Consumption 10
1.6 Energy Resources Exploitation 11
1.7 Synopsis 12
Bibliography 13
2 Fuels in General 15
2.1 Introduction 15
2.2 Some of the Main Desirable Properties of Fuels 16
2.3 Some Relevant Units of Measurement 17
2.4 Some Patterns of Fuel and Energy Resources and Usage 20
2.5 Definitions of Reserves 21
2.6 Some General Observations about Fuel and Energy Statistics 23
2.7 Changes in the Consumption of Different Sources of Energy 24
2.8 Problems 26
2.9 Synopsis 30
Bibliography 30
3 Fuels Classification 33
3.1 Fossil Fuels 33
3.2 Hydrocarbon Fuels 33
3.2.1 Paraffinic Series, CnH2n+2 (Saturated, All with Single "C" Bonds) 34
3.2.2 Olefin Series, CnH2n (Unsaturated with One Double Bond between Two C Atoms 34
3.2.3 Acetylene Series, CnH2n-2 (Unsaturated with One Triple Bond between Two C Atoms) 36
3.2.4 Naphthenes or Cycloparaffins, CnH2n (Closed Chain with Single and Saturated Bonds) 36
3.2.5 Aromatics, CnH2n-6 (Unsaturated Ring Compounds) 37
3.3 Some Oxygenated Compounds 38
3.4 Problems 40
3.5 Synopsis 41
Bibliography 41
4 Fuel-Consuming Energy Systems 43
4.1 Fuel-Consuming Work-Producing Devices 43
4.2 Work and Heat 44
4.3 Efficiency 45
4.4 Fuel Energy Systems 47
4.4.1 Internal Combustion Engines 47
4.4.1.1 Various Types of Reciprocating Engines 48
4.5 Cogeneration 52
4.6 Fuel Consumption 54
4.7 Hybrid Engines 56
4.8 Choice of Energy Systems 57
4.9 Problems 58
4.10 Synopsis 58
Bibliography 59
5 Stoichiometry and Thermodynamics 61
5.1 Heating Value of Fuels 61
5.2 Adiabatic Flame Temperature 63
5.3 Procedure for Calculating the Temperature and Composition of the Products of Combustion, When Equilibrium Conditions Are Assumed 74
5.4 Calorimeters 78
5.5 Some Solved Examples 78
5.6 Problems 86
5.7 Synopsis 90
Bibliography 90
6 Chemical Kinetics of Fuel Combustion 93
6.1 Chemical Reactions 93
6.2 Combustion Chemical Kinetics 96
6.3 Solved Examples 103
6.4 Modeling Fuel Combustion Reactions 103
6.5 Types of Chemical Reactions Relevant to Fuels and Energy 106
6.6 Problems 107
6.7 Synopsis 108
Bibliography 108
7 Exhaust Emissions from the Combustion of Fuels 111
7.1 Products of Combustion of Fuels 111
7.2 Air Pollution Control 113
7.3 Catalytic Converters 119
7.4 Greenhouse Effect 121
7.5 Sulfur in Fuels 125
7.6 Fuel-Induced Corrosion of Metals 126
7.7 Solved Example 126
7.8 Problems 127
7.9 Synopsis 128
Bibliography 129
8 Combustion and Flames 131
8.1 Combustion, Flames, and Ignition Processes 131
8.2 Diffusion Flames versus Premixed Flames 135
8.3 Combustion Stability Characteristics 142
8.4 Fuel Combustion via Burners and Orifices 145
8.5 Combustion of Solid Fuels 146
8.6 Solid Fuels Combustion Using Fluidized Beds 148
8.7 Problems 150
8.8 Synopsis 151
Bibliography 152
9 Fire and Safety in Relation to Fuel Installations and Handling 155
9.1 Fuel Fires 155
9.2 Flammability Limits of Fuels 156
9.3 Some Protective Measures 162
9.4 Flash Point 164
9.5 Some Terms Related to Fuel Fires and Safety 167
9.6 Solved Example 168
9.7 Problems 170
9.8 Synopsis 172
Bibliography 173
10 Petroleum 175
10.1 Petroleum Reservoirs 175
10.2 Oil Recovery 177
10.3 Enhanced Oil Recovery Methods 178
10.4 Oil Sands 182
10.5 Oil Shale 186
10.6 Problems 188
10.7 Synopsis 188
Bibliography 189
11 Refining of Petroleum 191
11.1 Need for Refining 191
11.2 Refining Chemical Processes 196
11.3 Catalysts and Their Action 197
11.4 Controls through Codes and Standards 198
11.5 Problems 199
11.6 Synopsis 199
Bibliography 199
12 Gasoline 201
12.1 Spark Ignition Gasoline-Fueled Engines 201
12.2 Volatility 203
12.3 Additives to Gasoline 206
12.4 Catalysts 207
12.5 Spark Ignition Engine Knock 207
12.6 Some Features of Engine Knock 209
12.7 Some Negative Effects of Knock in Spark Ignition Engines 210
12.8 Operational Knock Limits 211
12.9 Octane Number 213
12.10 Effects of Engine Variables for Increased Incidence of Knock 213
12.11 Knock Control 215
12.12 Three-Way Catalyst 215
12.13 Problems 216
12.14 Synopsis 217
Bibliography 218
13 Diesel Fuels and Some Other Liquid Fuels 221
13.1 Diesel Engine Combustion Processes 221
13.2 Ignition Delay in Diesel Engines 222
13.3 Diesel Engine Fuels 223
13.4 Diesel Engine Emissions 228
13.5 Biodiesel Fuels 229
13.6 Fischer-Tropsch Diesel 230
13.7 Dual-Fuel Engine 230
13.8 Liquid Fuels for Aviation Applications 231
13.9 Heavy Fuels for Boiler and Furnace Applications 234
13.10 Liquid and Solid Propellants 234
13.11 Solved Example 235
13.12 Problems 236
13.13 Some Definitions Associated with Liquid Fuels 237
13.14 Synopsis 239
Bibliography 239
14 Solid Fuels 241
14.1 Combustion of Solid Fuels 241
14.2 Coal 241
14.3 Case for Coal 244
14.4 Some Properties of Coal 246
14.5 Classification of Coals 248
14.6 Solved Examples 249
14.7 Coal Combustion in Fluidized Beds 251
14.8 Gasification of Coal 252
14.9 Underground Gasification of Coal 254
14.10 Other Solid Fuels 254
14.11 Coal Bed Methane 257
14.12 Solid Fuels as Propellants 257
14.13 Solved Example 258
14.14 Problems 259
14.15 Synopsis 260
Bibliography 260
15 Natural Gas and Other Gaseous Fuels 263
15.1 Merits of Operation on Gaseous Fuels 263
15.2 Natural Gas 265
15.3 Natural Gas Transmission 271
15.4 Flaring of Fuel Gases 275
15.5 Liquefied Natural Gas 276
15.6 LNG Safety 277
15.7 Hydrates of Methane 278
15.8 Comparison of Features of Natural-Gas-Fueled Gas Turbines with Those of Spark Ignition Engines 279
15.9 Propane and Liquefied Petroleum Gas 280
15.10 Solved Example 281
15.11 LPG Safety 284
15.12 Some Common Non-Natural Gas Mixtures 285
15.13 Landfill Gases 288
15.14 Biogas Fuels 289
15.15 Hydrogen Sulfide 290
15.16 Solved Examples 291
15.17 Problems 295
15.18 Some Gaseous Fuel Mixture Terms 296
15.19 Synopsis 296
Bibliography 297
16 Alternative Fuels 301
16.1 Introduction 301
16.2 Applications 303
16.3 Alcohols as Fuels 304
16.4 Hydrogen as a Fuel 306
16.5 Liquid Hydrogen 310
16.6 Compressed Natural Gas 311
16.7 Problems 313
16.8 Synopsis 313
Bibliography 314.

Fuels, energy, and the environment /

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