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Hydraulic fracturing operations /
Hydraulic fracturing, commonly referred to as"fracking," is a technique used by the oil and gasindustry to mine hydrocarbons trapped deep beneath theEarth's surface. The principles underlying the technology arenot new. Fracking was first applied at the commercial level in theUnited St...
| Clasificación: | Libro Electrónico |
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| Autor principal: | |
| Otros Autores: | |
| Formato: | Electrónico eBook |
| Idioma: | Inglés |
| Publicado: |
Hoboken, New Jersey :
John Wiley and Sons, Inc.,
[2015]
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| Temas: | |
| Acceso en línea: | Texto completo |
Tabla de Contenidos:
- Cover; Title Page; Copyright Page; Contents; Preface; Acknowledgements; Author and Editor Biographies; 1 Hydraulic Fracturing Overview; 1.1 Technology Overview; 1.2 Benefits, Environmental Deterents, Hurdles and Public Safety; 1.2.1 Key Drivers; 1.2.2 Environmental Deterrents; 1.2.3 Hurdles and Public Safety; 1.3 U.S. Resources and Standing; 1.4 Worldwide Levels of Activity; 1.5 The Role of Water; 1.5.1 Water Acquisition; 1.5.2 Chemical Mixing; 1.5.3 Well Injection; 2 Oil and Gas Regulations; 2.1 U.S. Environmental Regulations; 2.1.1 Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA).
- 2.1.2 Clean Water Act (CWA)2.1.3 Oil Pollution Prevention (Spill Prevention, Control and Countermeasures Regulations); 2.1.4 Oil Pollution Act (OPA); 2.1.5 Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA); 2.1.6 Clean Air Act (CAA); 2.1.7 Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act (EPCRA); 2.1.8 Comprehensive Environmental Response Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA or Superfund); 2.1.9 Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA); 2.2 Historical Evolution of Regulations Affecting Oil and Gas; 2.3 RCRA Exemptions; 2.4 Permitting Rules; 2.4.1 California Rules; 2.4.1.1 Restrictions; 2.4.1.2 Conditions.
- 3 Management of Chemicals3.1 Memorandum of Agreement Between the U.S. EPA and Industry; 3.2 Chemicals Used; 3.3 Safe Handling and Emergency Response to Spills and Fires; 3.4 Storage Tanks; 3.5 Risk Management; 3.6 Establishing a Spill Prevention, Control and Countermeasures Plan; 3.6.1 Roles and Responsibilities; 3.6.2 Standard Procedures for Any Spill; 3.6.3 Training; 4 Water Quality Standards and Wastewater; 4.1 Overview; 4.2 Water Quality Criteria, Standards, Parameters, and Limits; 4.3 Wastewater Characterization; 4.4 Wastewater Management Alternatives; 4.5 Water Treatment Technologies.
- 4.5.1 Separators4.5.1.1 API Separators; 4.5.2 Other Types of Separators; 4.5.3 Dissolved Gas Flotation; 4.5.4 Activated Carbon; 4.5.5 Nut Shell Filters; 4.5.6 Organi-Clay Adsorbants; 4.5.7 Chemical Oxidation; 4.5.7.1 Chemistry; 4.5.8 UV Disinfection; 4.5.9 Biological Processes; 4.5.10 Membrane Filtration; 4.5.11 RO and Nanofiltration; 4.5.12 Air Stripping; 4.5.13 Chemical Precipitation; 4.5.14 Thickeners; 4.5.15 Settling Ponds/Sedimentation; 4.5.16 Dissolved Air Flotation (DAF); 4.5.17 Ion Exchange; 4.5.18 Crystallization; 4.5.19 Advanced Integrated Systems; 4.6 Deep Well Injection of Wastes.
- 4.7 Overall Assessment of Wastewater Management Alternatives5 Water Utilization, Management, and Treatment; 5.1 Introduction; 5.2 Water Use by the Oil and Gas Energy Sector; 5.3 Overview of Water Management Practices; 5.3.1 Characteristics of Hydraulic Fracturing Flowback Water; 5.3.2 Characteristics of Produced Water; 5.3.3 Water and Mass Balances; 5.4 Wastewater Treatment Technologies; 5.4.1 Influent Conditions; 5.4.2 Technology Evaluation; 5.4.3 Treatment End Points; 5.4.4 Regulatory Compliance; 5.5 Alternatives to Conventional Wastewater Treatment; 5.5.1 Saltwater Disposal Well Solutions.