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The technical avalanche protection handbook /
Large, high-energy snow avalanches can have high destructive consequences in developed areas. Each year, avalanche catastrophes occur in many mountain regions around the globe. This causes a large number of fatalities and severe damage to buildings and infrastructure. In some mountain areas, especia...
| Clasificación: | Libro Electrónico |
|---|---|
| Otros Autores: | , , |
| Formato: | Electrónico eBook |
| Idioma: | Inglés |
| Publicado: |
Berlin :
Ernst & Sohn,
[2015]
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| Temas: | |
| Acceso en línea: | Texto completo |
Tabla de Contenidos:
- The Technical Avalanche Protection Handbook; Preface; List of contributors; Contents; 1. Introduction; 1.1 Avalanche hazards; 1.1.1 Overview and terminology; 1.1.2 Avalanche hazards: historical and geographical relevance; 1.2 Technical avalanche defense: classification; 1.2.1 Classification scheme of defense measures and their effects; 1.2.2 Permanent technical avalanche protection (defense structures); 1.2.3 Technical avalanche defense with temporary effects; 1.3 Avalanche disasters, development of avalanche defense: historical overview; 1.3.1 Chronicle of avalanche catastrophes.
- 1.3.1.1 Avalanche disasters in the Alps1.3.1.2 Avalanche disasters in other regions; 1.4 History of avalanche defense; 1.4.1 Historical development in Europe; 2. Avalanches: evolution and impact; 2.1 Characteristics of avalanches; 2.1.1 Definitions and classifications; 2.1.2 Spatial and temporal occurrence of avalanches; 2.2 Meteorological principles of avalanche evolution; 2.2.1 Weather conditions forming avalanches in the European Alps; 2.2.1.1 General remarks; 2.2.1.2 Northwestern (precipitation build up) area; 2.2.1.3 Western weather conditions; 2.2.1.4 South foehn situation.
- 2.2.1.5 Occlusion from the North East
- north-east location2.2.2 Weather conditions forming avalanches in North America (western ranges); 2.2.3 Weather conditions forming avalanches in other mountain regions; 2.3 Nivological principles of avalanche evolution; 2.3.1 Properties of material snow; 2.3.2 Genesis of snow; 2.3.3 Snow metamorphism; 2.3.3.1 General remarks; 2.3.3.2 Principles of snow metamorphosis; 2.3.3.3 Initial metamorphism; 2.3.3.4 Equilibrium growth metamorphism; 2.3.3.5 Faceting; 2.3.3.6 Melt-freeze metamorphism; 2.3.4 Snowpack; 2.3.4.1 Formation of snowpack and layering.
- 2.3.4.2 Movements and tensions in snow cover2.3.4.3 Avalanche classification according to evolution; 2.4 Frequency and magnitude of avalanche events; 2.4.1 Criteria for frequency, magnitude and risk assessment; 2.4.2 Frequency (recurrence) of avalanche events; 2.4.3 Magnitude of avalanche events; 2.4.4 Intensity of avalanche impact; 2.5 Morphological principles of avalanche evolution; 2.5.1 Avalanche catchment area; 2.5.2 Avalanche starting zone; 2.5.3 Avalanche path; 2.5.4 Avalanche runout zone (deposition zone); 2.6 Avalanche protection forest.
- 2.6.1 Effects of vegetation and forest on avalanche formation2.6.2 Effects of avalanches on trees and forests; 3. Avalanche dynamics: models and impact; 3.1 Principles of avalanche dynamics; 3.1.1 Physical principles; 3.1.1.1 General remarks; 3.1.1.2 Characteristic criteria of avalanche movement; 3.1.1.3 Avalanche velocity; 3.1.1.4 Model laws of avalanche movement; 3.1.1.5 Mathematical models for avalanche dynamics; 3.1.1.6 Constitutive law; 3.1.2 Dynamics of flow and powder snow avalanches; 3.1.2.1 Avalanche release; 3.1.2.2 Movement of flow avalanches.