Climate change in the Midwest : a synthesis report for the national climate assessment /

Mostrar otras versiones (1)

Annotation

Detalles Bibliográficos
Clasificación:Libro Electrónico
Otros Autores: Winkler, Julie A., Andresen, Jeffrey A., Hatfield, Jerry L., Bidwell, David, 1969-, Brown, Daniel G.
Formato: Electrónico eBook
Idioma:Inglés
Publicado: Washington : Island Press, [2014]
Colección:National climate assessment regional technical input report series.
Temas:
Climatic changes > Risk assessment > Middle West.
Climat > Changements > Évaluation du risque > Midwest (États-Unis)
BUSINESS & ECONOMICS > Infrastructure.
SOCIAL SCIENCE > General.
Climatic changes > Risk assessment
Middle West
Acceso en línea:Texto completo
Tabla de Contenidos:
  • Machine generated contents note: ch. 1 Introduction to The Synthesis Report
  • 1.1. About this Report
  • 1.2. Regional Context
  • 1.3. Organization
  • References
  • ch. 2 Historical Climate and Climate Trends in The Midwestern United States
  • 2.1. Introduction
  • 2.2. Influences of the Great Lakes
  • 2.3. General Description
  • 2.4. Vulnerabilities
  • 2.4.1. Regional Floods
  • 2.4.2. Severe Thunderstorms
  • 2.4.3. Summer drought, heat, and excess rain
  • 2.4.4. Heat Waves
  • 2.4.5. Winter Storms
  • 2.5. Regional Climate Trends
  • 2.5.1. Paleoclimate
  • 2.5.2. Instrumental Record
  • 2.5.2.1. Temperature
  • 2.5.2.2. Precipitation
  • 2.5.2.3. Seasonality of Temperature and Precipitation Changes
  • 2.5.2.4. Growing Season
  • 2.5.2.5. Ice Cover
  • 2.5.2.6. Snowfall
  • 2.2.5.7. Cloudiness
  • 2.5.2.8. Humidity
  • 2.5.2.9. Wind
  • 2.5.2.10. Extreme Precipitation
  • 2.5.2.11. Extreme Temperatures
  • 2.5.2.12. Drought
  • 2.5.3. Synoptic Changes
  • 2.6. Summary
  • References
  • ch. 3 Climate Projections for The Midwest: Availability, Interpretation, and Synthesis
  • 3.1. Introduction
  • 3.2. Climate Projections
  • 3.2.1. Downscaling Methods
  • 3.2.1.1. Dynamically-Downscaled Climate Projections
  • 3.2.1.2. Statistically-Downscaled Climate Projections
  • 3.2.2. Available Climate Change Projections for the National Climate Assessment Midwest Region
  • 3.2.3. Considerations when Using and/or Interpreting Climate Projections
  • 3.2.3.1. Influence of Regional Topography or Circulation on Climate
  • 3.2.3.2. Ensembles and Multi-Model Means
  • 3.2.3.3. "Shelf Life" of Climate Projections
  • 3.2.4. Evaluation of Climate Projections
  • 3.2.4.1. GCM Simulations
  • 3.2.4.2. NARCCAP Simulations
  • 3.3. Projected Future Climate Change for the Midwest Region
  • 3.3.1. Precipitation
  • 3.3.1.1. Annual and Seasonal Precipitation
  • 3.3.1.2. Precipitation Intensity
  • 3.3.2. Temperature
  • 3.3.2.1. Annual and Seasonal Temperature
  • 3.3.2.2. Temperature Thresholds and Indices
  • 3.3.2.3. Freeze Risk
  • 3.3.2.4. Apparent Temperature
  • 3.3.3. Wind
  • 3.4. Level of Confidence
  • 3.5. Summary
  • References
  • ch. 4 Agriculture in The Midwest
  • 4.1. Introduction
  • 4.2. Historical Impacts on Crop Production
  • 4.3. Sensitivity to Temperature
  • 4.4. Potential Future Impacts
  • 4.4.1. Temperature
  • 4.4.2. CO2 Concentration and Evapotranspiration
  • 4.4.3. Precipitation
  • 4.4.4. Water Quality
  • 4.4.5. Weeds, Pests, and Disease
  • 4.4.6. Stresses on Livestock
  • 4.5. Adaptation
  • 4.6. Risk Assessment
  • 4.7. Summary
  • References
  • ch. 5 Impacts on Biodiversity and Ecosystems
  • 5.1. Introduction
  • 5.2. Linking Climate Impacts to Species and System Sensitivities
  • 5.3. Observed Responses to Temperature
  • 5.4. Changes in Species Ranges and Relative Abundances
  • 5.5. Changes in Phenology
  • 5.6. Changes in Genetics and Morphology
  • 5.7. Changes in Key Disturbance Factors and Processes
  • 5.8. Linking Observations to Future Changes
  • 5.9. Assessing Vulnerabilities
  • 5.10. Helping Species and Systems Adapt in the Midwest
  • 5.10.1. Increase Connectivity and "Soften" Management
  • 5.10.2. Continue to Proactively Address the Threat of Invasives
  • 5.10.3. Shifting Some of our Conservation Attention from Species to "Stages"
  • 5.10.4. Increasing "Green Infrastructure" to Handle Stormwater
  • 5.10.5. Protect People and Nature by Restoring Functional Ecosystems in Watersheds Dominated by Agriculture
  • 5.10.6. Moving toward Smarter Conservation
  • 5.11. Five Key Points
  • References
  • ch. 6 Climate Change Vulnerabilities Within The Foresty Sector For The Midwestern United States
  • 6.1. Introduction
  • 6.2. Organization
  • 6.3. Considerations and Caveats
  • 6.4. Forest Ecosystems
  • 6.4.1. Key Vulnerabilities across the Midwest Region
  • 6.4.2. Considerations Within Particular Ecoregions
  • 6.5. Benefits from Forests
  • 6.5.1. Forest Products
  • 6.5.2. Water Resources
  • 6.5.3. Carbon Storage
  • 6.5.4. Recreational Opportunities
  • 6.5.5. Cultural Values
  • 6.6. Adaptation
  • 6.6.1. Forest Ecosystems
  • 6.6.2. Urban Forests
  • 6.6.3. Forest Products
  • 6.6.4. Water Resources
  • 6.6.5. Carbon Storage
  • 6.6.6. Recreational Opportunities
  • 6.6.7. Cultural Values
  • 6.7. Summary
  • References
  • ch. 7 Great Lakes Nearshore and Coastal Systems
  • 7.1. Introduction
  • 7.2. Climate Stressors
  • 7.2.1. Great Lakes Water Level Regimes (Water Levels)
  • 7.2.2. Changing Storm Patterns and Precipitation
  • 7.2.3. Great Lakes Thermal Regimes
  • 7.3. Vulnerability of Great Lakes Coastal Systems to Climate Change
  • 7.3.1. Hydrogeomorphology
  • 7.3.2. Productivity and Water Quality
  • 7.3.3. Coastal Fisheries
  • 7.3.4. Ports and Harbors/Infrastructure
  • 7.3.5. Coastal Property
  • 7.4. Discussion
  • 7.5. Recommendations
  • 7.6. Summary
  • References
  • ch. 8 Climate Change and Energy
  • 8.1. Introduction
  • 8.1.1. Structure and Regulation of the Energy Sector
  • 8.1.2. Energy Profile for the Midwest
  • 8.2. Impacts on the Energy Sector
  • 8.2.1. Climate Change and Energy Demand
  • 8.2.2. Climate Change and Energy Supply
  • 8.2.3. Climate Change Policy
  • 8.3. Future Considerations and Issues
  • 8.4. Summary
  • References
  • ch. 9 Health
  • 9.1. Introduction
  • 9.2. Current Climate Sensitivities and Projected Risks for the Midwest
  • 9.2.1. Heat Waves
  • 9.2.2. Air Pollution Risks
  • 9.2.2.1. Air Quality and Respiratory Disease
  • 9.2.2.2. Aeroallergens
  • 9.2.3. Waterborne Disease
  • 9.2.4. Climate, Lake Ecology, and Health Risks
  • 9.2.5. Vectorborne Infectious Diseases
  • 9.2.5.1. West Nile Virus
  • 9.2.5.2. Lyme Disease
  • 9.3. Current Adaptive Capacity (Example for Heat Waves)
  • 9.4. Health Co-Benefits of GHG Mitigation
  • 9.4.1. Energy
  • 9.4.2. Case Study: Co-Benefits of Alternative Transportation Futures from Improving Air Quality and Physical Fitness
  • 9.5. Conclusion
  • References
  • ch. 10 Outdoor Recreation and Tourism
  • 10.1. Introduction
  • 10.2. Importance of Travel and Tourism to the U.S. Economy
  • 10.3. Outdoor Recreation and Tourism (ORT) and Climate Variability and Change (CVC)
  • 10.3.1. Direct and Indirect Implications of CVC for ORT
  • 10.3.2. Implications of CVC for ORT
  • Supply and Demand Side Factors
  • 10.4. Implications of CVC for ORT in the Midwest
  • 10.4.1. Application of the Tourism Climatic Index (TCI)
  • 10.4.2. Implications for Winter Sports
  • 10.5. Adaptation
  • 10.6. Summary
  • References
  • ch. 11 Climate Change Impacts on Transportation in The Midwest
  • 11.1. Introduction
  • 11.2. Transportation and Climate Change
  • 11.2.1. Air
  • 11.2.2. Water
  • 11.2.3. Rail
  • 11.2.4. Surface Transportation
  • 11.3. Comparative Risk
  • 11.3.1. Extreme Heat
  • 11.3.2. Changing Precipitation Patterns
  • 11.3.2.1. Flooding Risk
  • 11.3.2.2. Snow
  • 11.3.3. Great Lakes Water Levels
  • 11.4. Ongoing Adaptation Efforts
  • 11.4.1. Chicago
  • 11.4.2. Wisconsin
  • 11.4.3. Iowa
  • 11.4.4. Michigan Department of Transportation
  • 11.4.5. Federal Highways Administration (FHWA)
  • 11.5. Research Needs
  • 11.5.1. Quantifying Impacts
  • 11.5.2. Adaptation Effectiveness
  • 11.5.3. Uncertainty
  • 11.6. Conclusions
  • References
  • ch.
  • 12 Water Resources
  • 12.1. Introduction
  • 12.2. Historic Variability of Hydroclimate
  • 12.2.1. Seasonal to Multi-Year Events
  • 12.2.2. Frequency of Localized, Short-Term Extremes
  • 12.2.3. Non-climatic Influences
  • 12.2.4. Lake Water Temperature
  • 12.2.5. Coupled Atmospheric-Hydrologic Phenomenon-Warming Hole
  • 12.3. Paleoclimatic Studies
  • 12.4. Future Projections
  • 12.4.1. Upper Mississippi/Missouri/Hudson Bay Watersheds
  • 12.4.2. Ohio River Watershed
  • 12.4.3. Great Lakes Watershed
  • 12.4.4. Commonality Among Many Studies
  • 12.5. Uncertainty and Probability
  • 12.6. Conclusions
  • References
  • Focus Midwestern Levees
  • Introduction
  • Levee Condition
  • Increasing Flood Risk
  • Adaptation
  • Conclusion
  • References
  • ch. 13 Complexity and Uncertainty: Implications for Climate Change Assessments
  • 13.1. Introduction
  • 13.2. Multiple Sources of Uncertainty
  • 13.3. Climate Extremes
  • 13.4. Co-Benefits of Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies
  • 13.5. Spatial Interactions and Linkages
  • 13.6. Closing Remarks.

Ejemplares similares