Principles of toxicology : environmental and industrial applications /

A fully updated and expanded edition of the bestselling guide on toxicology and its practical applicationCovers the diverse chemical hazards encountered in the modern work and natural environment, and provides a practical understanding of these hazardsNew chapters cover the emerging areas of toxicol...

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Detalles Bibliográficos
Clasificación:Libro Electrónico
Otros Autores: Williams, Phillip L., 1952-, James, Robert C., Roberts, Stephen M., 1950-
Formato: Electrónico eBook
Idioma:Inglés
Publicado: Hoboken, New Jersey : John Wiley and Sons, Inc., [2014]
Edición:Third edition.
Temas:
Toxicology.
Industrial toxicology.
Environmental toxicology.
Toxicology
Ecotoxicology
Toxicologie.
Toxicologie industrielle.
Écotoxicologie.
toxicology.
MEDICAL > Pharmacology.
Environmental toxicology
Industrial toxicology
Acceso en línea:Texto completo
Tabla de Contenidos:
  • Title Page
  • Copyright Page
  • Contents
  • Contributors
  • Preface
  • Chapter 1 General Principles of Toxicology
  • 1.1 BASIC DEFINITIONS AND TERMINOLOGY
  • 1.2 TOXICOLOGY: A DIVERSE SCIENCE WITH TWO BASIC GOALS
  • 1.3 HAZARD IDENTIFICATION FUNCTION
  • 1.4 DOSE-RESPONSE/RISK ASSESSMENT FUNCTION
  • Defining Dose and Response
  • Dose-Response Graphs
  • 1.5 HOW DOSE-RESPONSE DATA CAN BE USED
  • 1.6 AVOIDING INCORRECT CONCLUSIONS FROM DOSE-RESPONSE AND HAZARD IDENTIFICATION DATA
  • Species-Related Differences in Hazard and Dose-Response Information: A Frequent Problem that Raises Uncertainty for Animal-to-Human Extrapolations
  • 1.7 ADDITIONAL FACTORS INFLUENCING HAZARD IDENTIFICATION AND DOSE-RESPONSE DATA
  • Route of Exposure
  • Sex
  • Age
  • Effects of Chemical Interaction (Synergism, Potentiation, and Antagonism)
  • Modes of Chemical Interaction
  • Genetic Makeup
  • Health Status
  • Chemical-Specific Factors
  • 1.8 DESCRIPTIVE TOXICOLOGY: TESTING ADVERSE EFFECTS OF CHEMICALS AND GENERATING DOSE-RESPONSE DATA
  • 1.9 EVIDENCE-BASED TOXICOLOGY
  • 1.10 SUMMARY
  • SUGGESTED READING
  • Chapter 2 Xenobiotic Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion
  • 2.1 XENOBIOTIC INTERACTIONS WITH THE BIOLOGICAL (CELL) MEMBRANE
  • Membrane Structure
  • Ionization of Xenobiotics
  • 2.2 ABSORPTION
  • Gastrointestinal Tract
  • Lungs
  • Skin
  • 2.3 DISTRIBUTION
  • Overview
  • Albumin Binding
  • 2.4 Metabolism
  • Overview
  • Metabolism Enzymes and Reactions
  • Xenobiotic-Metabolizing Enzyme Induction
  • 2.5 EXCRETION (ELIMINATION)
  • Renal
  • Biliary Excretion
  • Respiration
  • Milk
  • 2.6 SUMMARY
  • SUGGESTED READING
  • Chapter 3 Toxicokinetics
  • 3.1 INTRODUCTION
  • Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Elimination
  • Toxicokinetic Modeling
  • 3.2 TOXICOKINETIC MODELING FUNDAMENTALS
  • Kinetic Processes
  • Compartmental Analysis
  • Clearance Modeling.
  • PBPK Modeling
  • 3.3 APPLICATIONS OF TOXICOKINETICS
  • Risk Assessment
  • Chemical-Specific Adjustment Factors
  • Interindividual Variability
  • 3.4 CASE STUDY: TOXICOKINETICS OF DIBUTYL PHTHALATE
  • Design of Kinetic Studies
  • Analysis of Kinetic Studies
  • Development of a PBPK Model
  • Model Parameterization
  • Model Validation
  • Application of PBPK Model
  • 3.5 TOXICOKINETICS IN THE FUTURE
  • Interpretation of Human Biomonitoring Data
  • Quantitative In Vitro to In Vivo Extrapolation
  • Modeling of Pharmacodynamics
  • 3.6 SUMMARY
  • REFERENCES AND SUGGESTED READING
  • Chapter 4 Omics Technologies in Toxicology
  • 4.1 INTRODUCTION TO OMICS
  • How Omics Came to Be
  • 4.2 GENOMICS
  • Change in Semantics for Microarrays
  • Printing of Microarrays
  • Preparing Target Molecules
  • Hybridization of Microarrays
  • Data Analysis for Gene Expression Microarrays
  • Microarray Platforms
  • MicroRNA Expression Profiling
  • 4.3 PROTEOMICS
  • 4.4 METABOLOMICS
  • 4.5 PHARMACOGENOMICS
  • 4.6 SYSTEMS BIOLOGY
  • Trends in Data Analysis
  • 4.7 SUMMARY
  • SUGGESTED READING
  • Chapter 5 Toxicity of the Hematopoietic System
  • 5.1 HEMATOPOIESIS: ORIGINS OF HEMATOPOIETIC CELLS
  • Myelopoiesis
  • Erythropoiesis
  • Thrombopoiesis
  • Granulopoiesis
  • Monopoiesis
  • Lymphopoiesis
  • 5.2 HEMATOTOXICITY: ASSAYS USED FOR ANALYSIS
  • Complete Blood Count
  • Peripheral Blood Smear
  • Bone Marrow Aspirate and Biopsy
  • Flow Cytometry/Immunophenotyping
  • Chromosome Analysis
  • Colony-Forming Units Assay
  • 5.3 DISEASES OF THE HEMATOPOIETIC SYSTEM
  • Anemia
  • Neutropenia and Agranulocytosis
  • Thrombocytopenia
  • Aplastic Anemia
  • Myeloproliferative Neoplasms
  • Myelodysplastic/Myeloproliferative Neoplasms
  • Myelodysplastic Syndromes
  • Acute Myeloid Leukemia
  • 5.4 HEMATOTOXINS: KNOWN HEMATOTOXIC AGENTS
  • REFERENCES AND SUGGESTED READING.
  • Chapter 6 Hepatotoxicity: Toxic Effects on the Liver
  • 6.1 PHYSIOLOGICAL AND MORPHOLOGICAL BASES OF LIVER INJURY
  • Physiological Considerations
  • Morphological Consideration
  • 6.2 TYPES OF LIVER INJURY
  • Hepatocellular Degeneration and Death
  • Fatty Liver
  • Cholestasis
  • Vascular Injury
  • Cirrhosis
  • Tumors
  • 6.3 EVALUATION OF LIVER INJURY
  • Symptoms of Liver Toxicity
  • Morphological Evaluation
  • Blood Tests
  • 6.4 SUMMARY
  • REFERENCES AND SUGGESTED READING
  • Chapter 7 Nephrotoxicity: Toxic Responses of the Kidney
  • 7.1 RENAL STRUCTURE AND PHYSIOLOGY
  • Overview of Kidney Structure and Function
  • Nephron Structure and Heterogeneity
  • Countercurrent Flow and Urinary Concentration Mechanism
  • Membrane Transport Processes
  • Summary of Physiological Factors Contributing to the Kidneys as a Target Organ for Toxic Chemicals
  • 7.2 CLASSIFICATIONS OF RENAL INJURY
  • Acute Kidney Injury
  • Chronic Kidney Injury
  • Responses at the Cellular Level
  • 7.3 ASSESSMENT OF RENAL FUNCTION AND INJURY IN THE CLINIC AND IN IN VIVO ANIMAL MODELS
  • Measurement of GFR
  • Basic Urinalysis
  • Secretion of Enzymes and Other Proteins into Urine as Biomarkers of Renal Injury and Site and Mechanism of Action
  • 7.4 IN VITRO MODELS TO STUDY RENAL FUNCTION AND INJURY
  • Isolated Perfused Kidney
  • Renal Slices
  • Isolated Tubules and Tubular Fragments
  • Suspensions of Isolated Renal Cells and Primary Cell Culture
  • Immortalized Cell Lines
  • 7.5 EXAMPLES OF ENVIRONMENTAL, INDUSTRIAL, AND THERAPEUTIC CHEMICALS THAT PRODUCE NEPHROTOXICITY
  • Halogenated Solvents: Tri- and Perchloroethylene
  • Heavy Metals: Mercury and Cadmium
  • Analgesics: Acetaminophen
  • Antibiotics: Cephalosporins
  • Antineoplastics: Cisplatin
  • 7.6 SUMMARY
  • SUGGESTED READING
  • Chapter 8 Neurotoxicity: Toxic Effects on the Nervous System
  • 8.1 Nervous System.
  • Central Nervous System
  • Peripheral Nervous System
  • Neurons
  • Glia
  • Blood-Brain Barrier
  • 8.2 Neurotoxicological Agents
  • 8.3 Neurotoxicants that Induce Neuronopathy
  • 8.4 Neurotoxicants that Induce Axonopathy
  • 8.5 Neurotoxicants that Induce Myelinopathy
  • 8.6 Neurotoxicants that Induce Alterations of Neurotransmission at the Synapse
  • 8.7 Role for Glia in Neurotoxicity
  • 8.8 Evaluation of Neurotoxic Injury
  • 8.9 Summary
  • Suggested Reading
  • Chapter 9 Dermatotoxicity: Toxic Effects on the Skin
  • 9.1 HISTOLOGY
  • 9.2 FUNCTIONS
  • 9.3 TYPES OF DERMAL TOXICITY
  • Irritant Dermatitis
  • Allergic Contact Dermatitis
  • Systemic Contact Dermatitis
  • Photosensitivity (Photoirritation and Photoallergic Contact Dermatitis)
  • Contact Urticaria Syndrome (Nonimmunological [NICU] and Immunological [ICU])
  • Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis
  • Acneiform Dermatoses
  • Pigment Disturbances
  • Skin Cancer
  • 9.4 SUMMARY
  • SUGGESTED READING
  • Chapter 10 Pulmonotoxicity: Toxic Effects in the Lung
  • 10.1 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
  • Respiratory Tract
  • Lung
  • 10.2 GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF INHALATION TOXICOLOGY
  • Gases
  • H2S
  • Other Respiratory Irritants
  • Particles
  • Particle Size
  • Particle Deposition
  • Particle Clearance
  • 10.3 ACUTE RESPONSES OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM TO INJURY
  • Burden of Oxidative Stress in Response to Respiratory Injury
  • Immune Reactivity in Response to Respiratory Injury
  • Alteration of Airway Function
  • Acute Pulmonary Edema
  • 10.4 CHRONIC RESPONSE OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM TO INJURY
  • Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
  • Fibrosis
  • Asthma
  • Silicosis
  • Lung Cancer
  • Other Lung Diseases
  • 10.5 EVALUATION OF TOXIC DAMAGE IN THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
  • Studies in Humans
  • Studies in Animals
  • Animal Exposure
  • Pulmonary Function Test
  • Lung Lavage Assay
  • Lung Perfusion.
  • Fixation Technique for Morphological Study
  • In vitro Approaches for Both Human and Animal Study
  • Morphologic Techniques
  • Microdissection
  • Cell Culture
  • 10.6 SUMMARY
  • REFERENCES AND SUGGESTED READING
  • Chapter 11 Immunotoxicity: Toxic Effects on the Immune System
  • 11.1 BIOLOGY OF THE IMMUNE RESPONSE
  • 11.2 TYPES OF IMMUNE REACTIONS AND DISORDERS
  • Allergic Reactions
  • Immunosuppression and Immune Enhancement
  • Autoimmunity
  • 11.3 CLINICAL TESTS FOR DETECTING IMMUNOTOXICITY
  • Immunoglobulin Concentrations
  • T- and B-Cell Concentrations
  • Cutaneous Anergy
  • In Vitro Tests
  • Fluorescent Antinuclear Antibody Assay
  • 11.4 TESTS FOR DETECTING IMMUNOTOXICITY IN ANIMAL MODELS
  • 11.5 SPECIFIC CHEMICALS THAT ADVERSELY AFFECT THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
  • Metals
  • Polychlorinated Dibenzo(p)dioxins
  • Dust and Particulates
  • Pesticides
  • Solvents
  • Miscellaneous Agents
  • 11.6 SUMMARY
  • SUGGESTED READING
  • Chapter 12 Toxic Effects on Reproduction
  • 12.1 GENERAL PHYSIOLOGY OF THE MALE AND FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
  • The Male Reproductive System
  • The Female Reproductive System
  • 12.2 GENERAL METHODS TO ANALYZE REPRODUCTIVE TOXICANTS
  • The Mammary Gland
  • New Technologies to Assess Reproductive Toxicants
  • 12.3 REPRODUCTIVE TOXICANTS
  • Male Reproductive Toxicants
  • Female Reproductive Toxicants
  • REFERENCES AND SUGGESTED READING
  • Chapter 13 Developmental Toxicology
  • 13.1 BIRTH AND DEVELOPMENTAL ANOMALIES: TERATOLOGY
  • The Principles of Teratology
  • Birth Defect Prevalence
  • 13.2 PHYSIOLOGY OF PREGNANCY
  • Maternal Cardiovascular System
  • Metabolism in the Prospective Mother
  • Metabolism in the Fetus
  • Metabolism in the Placenta
  • Maternal Respiration
  • Maternal Renal Function
  • Summary of Pregnancy Physiology
  • 13.3 WORKPLACE, OCCUPATION, AND ADVERSE REPRODUCTIVE EFFECTS
  • Nursing/Health Care Workers.

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