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Climate Change and United States Forests.
This volume offers a scientific assessment of the effects of climatic variability and change on forest resources in the United States. Derived from a report that provides technical input to the 2013 U.S. Global Change Research Program National Climate Assessment, the book serves as a framework for m...
| Clasificación: | Libro Electrónico |
|---|---|
| Autor principal: | |
| Otros Autores: | , |
| Formato: | Electrónico eBook |
| Idioma: | Inglés |
| Publicado: |
Dordrecht :
Springer,
2013.
|
| Colección: | Advances in global change research.
|
| Temas: | |
| Acceso en línea: | Texto completo |
Tabla de Contenidos:
- Foreword
- Preface
- Acknowledgments
- Contents
- Contributors
- List of Figures
- List of Tables
- Part I Seeking the Climate Change Signal
- 1 Recent Changes in Climate and Forest Ecosystems
- 1.1 Atmospheric Environment
- 1.2 Trends and Extreme Events in Forest Ecosystems
- 1.3 Resilience of Ecosystems and Institutions
- References
- 2 Projected Changes in Future Climate
- 2.1 Methods for Projecting Future Climate
- 2.2 Projected Future Climate in the United States
- 2.2.1 Temperature
- 2.2.2 Precipitation
- 2.2.3 Drought
- 2.3 Sea Level Rise
- 2.4 Using Climate Projections to Estimate Effects on Forests
- References
- Part II Effects of Climatic Variability and Change
- 3 Forest Processes
- 3.1 Introduction
- 3.2 Carbon and Nutrient Cycling
- 3.2.1 Response of Forest C Cycling to Changing Environmental Conditions
- 3.2.2 Effects on Nutrient Cycling
- 3.3 Forest Hydrological Processes
- 3.3.1 Forest Evapotranspiration and Streamflow
- 3.3.2 Elevated Atmospheric CO2
- 3.3.3 Changing Species Composition
- 3.3.4 Snowmelt
- 3.3.5 Soil Infiltration
- 3.3.6 Carbon and Water Tradeoffs
- 3.4 Tree Species Distribution
- 3.4.1 Modeling Species Distribution and Abundance
- 3.4.1.1 Species Distribution Models
- 3.4.1.2 Process Models
- 3.4.1.3 Demographic Studies
- 3.4.1.4 Dispersal and Migration Models
- 3.4.2 Assisted Migration
- 3.5 Effects of Altered Forest Processes and Functions on Ecosystem Services
- References
- 4 Disturbance Regimes and Stressors
- 4.1 Introduction
- 4.2 Wildfire
- 4.3 Insects and Pathogens
- 4.3.1 General Concepts
- 4.3.2 Climate and Biotic Disturbances
- 4.3.2.1 Bark Beetles
- 4.3.2.2 Defoliating Insects
- 4.3.2.3 Plant Pathogens
- 4.3.2.4 Non-native and Emerging Insects and Pathogens
- 4.3.3 Effects and Interactions with Other Disturbances
- 4.4 Invasive Plants.
- 4.4.1 Introduction
- 4.4.2 Interactions Between Climate Change and Plant Invasion
- 4.4.2.1 Temperature, Precipitation, and CO2
- 4.4.2.2 Disturbance and Resource Availability
- 4.5 Erosion, Landslides, and Precipitation Variability
- 4.5.1 Erosion and Landslides
- 4.5.2 Drought and Water Supply
- 4.6 Disturbance Interactions
- 4.6.1 Disturbances and Thresholds
- 4.6.2 Stress Complexes: From Conceptual to Quantitative Models
- 4.6.3 Uncertainties
- References
- 5 Climate Change and Forest Values
- 5.1 Introduction
- 5.2 Socioeconomic Context: Ownership, Values, and Institutions
- 5.2.1 Forest Ownership Patterns
- 5.2.2 Economic Contributions of Forests
- 5.2.3 Policy Context of Forest Management in Response to Climate Change
- 5.3 Rural Forests, Land-Use Change, and Climate Change
- 5.4 Trees and Climate in Urban Environments
- 5.5 Climate Change and the Wildland-Urban Interface
- 5.6 Social Interactions with Forests Under Climate Change
- 5.6.1 Natural Resource-Based Communities
- 5.6.2 Tribal Forests
- 5.6.3 Social Vulnerability and Climate Change
- 5.7 Conclusions
- References
- 6 Regional Highlights of Climate Change
- 6.1 Introduction
- 6.2 Alaska
- 6.3 Hawaii and the U.S.-Affiliated Pacific Islands
- 6.4 Northwest
- 6.5 Southwest
- 6.6 Great Plains
- 6.7 Midwest
- 6.8 Northeast
- 6.9 Southeast
- References
- Part III Responding to Climate Change
- 7 Managing Carbon
- 7.1 Introduction
- 7.2 Status and Trends in Forest-Related C
- 7.3 Monitoring and Evaluating Effects of C Management
- 7.4 Carbon Mitigation Strategies
- 7.4.1 Land Use Change: Afforestation, Avoiding Deforestation, and Urban Forestry
- 7.4.1.1 Afforestation
- 7.4.1.2 Avoiding Deforestation
- 7.4.1.3 Urban Forestry
- 7.5 In Situ Forest Carbon Management.
- 7.5.1 Increasing Forest C by Decreasing Harvest and Protecting Large C Stocks
- 7.5.2 Managing Forest Carbon with Fuel Treatments
- 7.5.3 Increasing Forest C Stocks by Increasing Forest Growth
- 7.6 Ex Situ Forest C Management
- 7.6.1 Carbon in Forest Products
- 7.6.2 Product Substitution
- 7.6.3 Biomass Energy
- 7.7 Mitigation Strategies: Markets, Regulations, Taxes, and Incentives
- 7.7.1 Markets, Registries, and Protocols for Forest-Based Carbon Projects
- 7.7.2 Tax and Incentive Programs
- 7.8 The Role of Public Lands in C Mitigation
- References
- 8 Adapting to Climate Change
- 8.1 Principles for Forest Climate Adaptation
- 8.1.1 Adaptation Planning and Implementation
- 8.1.2 Education and Training
- 8.1.3 Science-Management Partnerships
- 8.1.4 Risk and Uncertainty
- 8.1.5 Toolkit Approach
- 8.1.6 No-Regrets Decision Making
- 8.1.7 Flexibility and Adaptive Learning
- 8.1.8 Mixed-Models Approach
- 8.1.9 Integration with Other Priorities and Forest Management Objectives
- 8.2 The Context for Adaptation
- 8.3 The Adaptation Process
- 8.3.1 Overview of Forest Adaptation Strategies
- 8.3.2 Strategic Steps for Adaptation
- 8.4 Tools and Resources for Adaptation and Implementation
- 8.5 Institutional Responses
- 8.5.1 U.S. Forest Service
- 8.5.2 U.S. Department of the Interior (DOI)
- 8.5.3 Regional Integrated Sciences and Assessment (RISA)
- 8.5.4 State and Local Institutions
- 8.5.4.1 Western Governors' Association (WGA)
- 8.5.4.2 Washington State Climate Response Strategy
- 8.5.4.3 Minnesota State Climate Response
- 8.5.4.4 North Carolina State Climate Response
- 8.5.4.5 State University and Academic Responses
- 8.5.5 Industrial Forestry
- 8.5.6 Native American Tribes and Nations
- 8.5.7 Nongovernmental Organizations
- 8.5.7.1 Pacific Forest Trust (PFT)
- 8.5.7.2 The Nature Conservancy (TNC).
- 8.5.7.3 Trust for Public Land (TPL)
- 8.5.7.4 The Wilderness Society (TWS)
- 8.5.8 Ski Industry
- 8.6 Regional Responses
- 8.6.1 Western United States
- 8.6.1.1 Olympic National Forest/Olympic National Park (ONFP), Washington
- 8.6.1.2 Inyo National Forest and Devils Postpile National Monument, California
- 8.6.1.3 Shoshone National Forest, Wyoming
- 8.6.1.4 The Strategic Framework for Science in Support of Management in the Southern Sierra Nevada, California (SFS)
- 8.6.2 Southern United States
- 8.6.3 Northern United States
- 8.6.4 National Example-Watershed Vulnerability Assessment
- 8.7 Assessment: Challenges and Opportunities
- 8.7.1 Assessing Adaptation Response
- 8.7.2 Adaptation Challenges
- 8.7.2.1 Education, Awareness, and Empowerment
- 8.7.2.2 Policy, Planning, and Regulations
- 8.7.2.3 Monitoring and Adaptive Management
- 8.7.2.4 Financial Barriers
- 8.7.3 A Vision for Climate Smart Forest Management
- References
- 9 Risk Assessment
- 9.1 A Risk-Based Framework
- 9.2 Risk Case Studies
- 9.2.1 Water Resources
- 9.2.2 A Framework for Assessing Climate Change Risks to Forest Carbon Stocks
- 9.2.3 Risk Assessment for Wildfire in the Western United States
- 9.2.4 Risk Assessment for Forest Habitats: Case Study in Northern Wisconsin
- 9.2.5 Risk Assessment for Bird Species: A Case Study in Northern Wisconsin
- References
- Part IV Scientific Issues and Priorities
- 10 Research and Assessment in the Twenty-First Century
- 10.1 Improving the Accuracy and Certainty of Climate Change Science
- 10.2 Toward an Ongoing National Assessment
- 10.3 Improving Risk Assessment
- References
- Index.