Water on Earth.
The presence of water on Earth is discussed in this book using various theories about its origin as a basis. These theories include a massive degassing of the primitive parent bodies that built our planet as well as a late addition from comets that collided with the Earth's surface. The extraor...
Clasificación: | Libro Electrónico |
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Autor principal: | |
Formato: | Electrónico eBook |
Idioma: | Inglés |
Publicado: |
Wiley-ISTE,
2013.
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Colección: | Oceanography and marine biology series
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Temas: | |
Acceso en línea: | Texto completo |
Tabla de Contenidos:
- Cover; Title page; Table of Contents; Preface; Acknowledgments; Chapter 1. Water: A Molecule Endowed with Extraordinary Physicochemical Properties; 1.1. Molecular geometry and electrical properties; 1.2. Phase diagram; 1.3. Stable isotopes of hydrogen and oxygen; 1.4. Thermodynamic properties; 1.4.1. Conduction of heat; 1.5. Optical properties; 1.5.1. Turbidity, ternary mixtures and the ""Ouzo"" effect; 1.6. Underwater propagation of sound; 1.7. Synthesis and electrolysis; 1.8. Bibliography; Chapter 2. Theories about the Origin of Water on Earth; 2.1. The blue planet of the solar system
- 2.2. Comets2.3. Carbonaceous chondrites and icy asteroids; 2.4. Small magnitude evolution of the D/H ratio of the oceans; 2.5. Chemical composition of the primordial Earth's oceans; 2.5.1. The early huge ""greenhouse effect""; 2.5.2. pH and redox state of the primordial Earth's oceans; 2.5.3. Archean ultramafic rocks: a trap for carbon dioxide; 2.5.4. The salinity of the primordial Earth's oceans; 2.6. Bibliography; Chapter 3. The Main Water Reservoirs on Earth and their Chemical Composition; 3.1. Masses of water reservoirs; 3.1.1. Ice caps; 3.1.2. Groundwaters; 3.1.3. Rivers; 3.1.4. Lakes
- 3.1.5. Brackish waters3.1.6. Oceans; 3.1.7. Salinity; 3.1.8. The definition of water masses; 3.1.9. The wind-driven surface ocean circulation; 3.1.10. Thermohaline circulation: the global ocean conveyor; 3.2. The superficial hydrological cycle, water fluxes and residence times; 3.3. Chemical composition of rivers; 3.4. Ocean chemical composition; 3.4.1. Dissolved salts; 3.4.2. Dissolved gases; 3.4.3. Variations of dissolved O2 and CO2 with oceanic depth; 3.4.4. Brief concept of alkalinity; 3.4.5. The oceanic carbon pump and the pH of seawater; 3.5. Chemical composition of rainfall
- 3.6. Why are oceans salty?3.7. Hypersaline waters; 3.7.1. The Dead Sea; 3.7.2. Mono Lake, USA; 3.8. Geothermal waters and the ""petrifying springs""; 3.9. Bibliography; Chapter 4. Water and Plate Tectonics; 4.1. A brief introduction to the theory of ""plate tectonics""; 4.2. Catastrophic events related to global tectonics: tsunamis; 4.3. Oceanic hydrothermal activity; 4.4. Water in the Earth's mantle; 4.4.1. Water in nominally anhydrous minerals; 4.4.2. IR spectroscopy or how to see water traces in mantle minerals; 4.5. Subduction and volcanic activity; 4.6. Continental growth and recycling
- 4.7. BibliographyChapter 5. Water and Life; 5.1. Cell functioning and metabolic activity; 5.1.1. Human body water, blood and pH; 5.1.2. Cell functioning; 5.1.3. Body water balance; 5.1.4. Body heat balance; 5.2. Adaptation and readaptation of tetrapods to the aquatic environment; 5.3. Biodiversity in the aquatic environment; 5.3.1. Freshwater biodiversity; 5.3.2. Marine biodiversity; 5.4. Bibliography; Chapter 6. Stable Isotope Tracking: Water Cycles and Climates of the Past; 6.1. Principles of stable isotope fractionation between substances