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Income inequality in oecd countries : what are the drivers and policy options?.
This book provides a comprehensive review of income inequality issues in the OECD in a cross-country setting. It presents a wealth of data and analysis on the formation of inequality and identifies groups of countries that share similar inequality patterns. It also reviews developments at the extrem...
| Clasificación: | Libro Electrónico |
|---|---|
| Autor principal: | |
| Formato: | Electrónico eBook |
| Idioma: | Inglés |
| Publicado: |
WSPC,
2013.
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| Temas: | |
| Acceso en línea: | Texto completo |
Tabla de Contenidos:
- Disclaimer
- Chapter 1. Introduction Peter Hoeller and Mauro Pisu
- Inequality, Growth, and Well-being
- Inequality and Growth
- Inequality and Welfare
- Inequality Developments Before and During the Recent Economic Crisis
- References
- Chapter 2. Mapping Income Inequality Across the OECD Peter Hoeller, Isabelle Joumard, Mauro Pisu, and Debbie Bloch
- Introduction and Main Findings
- Main findings
- Drivers of Inequality
- Individual Labor Earnings1
- Moving from Individual to Household Labor Earnings
- Moving from HLEs to Total Market Income
- The Contribution of the Market Income Components to Overall HMI Inequality
- The Distribution of HDI
- Adding In-kind Transfers
- Characterizing Cross-country Inequality Patterns
- Country Profiles Trace the Various Inequality Dimensions
- A Cluster Analysis Allows Identifying Groups of Countries Sharing Similar Inequality Patterns
- Inequality and Poverty in Large Emerging Economies
- Global Inequality
- References
- ANNEX
- Annex 2.1: Measures of Income Inequality
- Chapter 3. The Distribution of Labor Income Isabell Koske, Jean-Marc Fournier and Isabelle Wanner
- Introduction and Main Findings
- Main Findings
- Cross-country Patterns and Recent Trends in Labor Income Inequality in OECD Countries
- The Role of Non-policy Factors in Shaping Labor Income Inequality
- Skill-biased Technological Change
- Globalization
- The Role of Structural Policies in Shaping Labor Income Inequality
- Education Policy
- Labor Market Institutions
- Minimum wages
- Wage bargaining
- EPL: overall stringency and gap between regular and temporary contracts
- Unemployment and social assistance benefits
- Active labor market policies
- Interactions between labor market policies and globalization
- Product Market Regulation
- Tax Policy
- Other Policy Issues.
- Gender inequality
- Migration
- Identifying Reform Options to Reduce Labor Income Inequality
- References
- ANNEXES
- Annex 3.1: Bayesian model averaging analysis: additional estimation results and details on the dataset used
- Annex 3.2: Assessing the determinants of labor earnings inequality based on quantile regressions
- Annex 3.3: Explaining cross-country differences in labor earnings inequality
- a decomposition based on unconditional quantile regressions
- Chapter 4. Income Redistribution via Taxes and Transfers Isabelle Joumard, Mauro Pisu and Debbie Bloch
- Introduction and Summary
- Main Findings
- The redistributive impact of taxes and transfers
- Indicators of tax and transfer policies help in identifying reform options and different country models
- The Redistributive Impact of Taxes and Transfers
- The Redistributive Impact of Cash Transfers: Cross-country Differences and Driving Forces
- The redistributive impact of cash transfers is large but varies a lot across countries
- The redistributive impact of pension systems depends on their design
- Disability benefits are redistributive but risk creating poverty traps
- Unemployment benefits are mostly insurance-based and thus not very progressive
- Family cash benefits are targeted toward low-income groups
- The Redistributive Impact of Taxes: Cross-country Differences and Driving Forces
- Redistribution via household taxes as gauged by household surveys
- Going beyond household surveys when assessing the redistributive impact of taxes
- Labor income taxes: progressivity indicators based on statutory tax schedules
- Despite cuts in top marginal rates, labor taxes have often become more progressive
- The progressivity of the personal income tax is often hollowed out by tax expenditures.
- Taxes on capital income have been reduced and are often lower than taxes on labor income
- Property taxes play a minor role in many OECD countries
- Real estate taxes are regressive in some countries
- Wealth, inheritance, and gift taxes have been reduced in many countries
- Consumption taxes tend to be regressive
- A Limitation of the Analysis: The Incidence of Taxes and Transfers
- Tax and Cash Transfer Policy Indicators Help Identify Reform Options and Types of Welfare Systems
- A Set of Policy Indicators on Taxes and Cash Transfers
- In Australia, taxes and transfers are smaller but more progressive than the OECD average
- In Germany, taxes and transfers are larger but less progressive than the OECD average
- Five Tax and Transfer Systems Can Be Identified
- References
- Chapter 5. Poverty Mauro Pisu
- Introduction and Main Findings
- Main Findings
- International Comparisons and Poverty Trends
- Children and the Elderly are More Likely to be Poor than the Working-age Population
- Women are More Likely to be Poor than Men
- Households with Children are Poorer than Those Without
- Paid Work Reduces but Does not Eliminate Poverty
- Redistribution Strategies
- Work Strategies
- Policies to Reduce Poverty among Children
- In-kind Transfers and Poverty
- References
- Chapter 6. Top Incomes Peter Hoeller
- Introduction and Main Findings
- Main Findings
- Top income developments
- Forces shaping top income developments
- Top Income Developments
- Forces Shaping Top Income Developments
- Taxation
- Technical Progress and Globalization
- Remuneration Issues
- References
- Chapter 7. The Distribution of Wealth Kaja Bonesmo Fredriksen
- Introduction and Main Findings
- Main Findings
- Measuring the Distribution of Wealth
- Inequality of Net Worth
- The Role of Various Assets and Liabilities.
- Trends in Wealth Inequality Over Time
- Determinants of Wealth Inequality
- Socioeconomic Characteristics of the Population
- Other Determinants of Wealth Inequality
- References
- Chapter 8. Conclusion: Growth-Enhancing Policies and Inequality Isabelle Joumard and Isabell Koske
- Introduction and Main Findings
- Main Findings
- Reducing Labor Income Inequality and Boosting GDP per Capita: Policy Trade-offs and Complementarities
- Growth-enhancing Policy Reforms that are Likely to Reduce Income Inequality
- Improving the quality and quantity of education
- Promoting equity in education
- Reducing the gap between employment protection on temporary and permanent work
- Increasing the spending on ALMPs
- Promoting the integration of immigrants
- Fostering female labor market participation
- Avoiding gender stereotyping in education
- Fighting discrimination
- Growth-enhancing Policy Reforms that are Likely to Raise Income Inequality
- Increasing the flexibility of wage determination
- Growth-enhancing Policy Reforms that have an Uncertain Impact on Income Inequality
- Avoiding too high and long-lasting unemployment benefits
- Liberalizing product markets
- Lowering minimum labor costs
- The Inequality and Growth Nexus Associated with Taxes and Transfers
- Growth-enhancing Tax Policy Reforms that are Likely to Reduce Income Inequality
- Re-assessing those tax expenditures that benefit mainly high-income groups
- Reducing distortions in taxing capital income
- Growth-enhancing Tax Policy Reforms that are Likely to Raise Income Inequality
- Shifting the tax mix from personal and corporate income taxes toward real estate and consumption taxes
- Growth-enhancing Tax Policy Reforms that have an Uncertain Impact on Income Inequality
- Moving from income to wealth or inheritance tax.
- Moving from social security contributions (or flat labor income taxes) to consumption taxes
- The Impact of Transfer Policies on Growth Depends Very Much on Their Design
- References
- About the Authors
- Index.