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Pesticide risk assessment for pollinators /
Pollinators play a vital role in ecosystem health and are essential to ensuring food security. With declines in both managed and wild pollinator populations in recent years, scientists and regulators have sought answers to this problem and have explored implementing steps to protect pollinator popul...
| Clasificación: | Libro Electrónico |
|---|---|
| Otros Autores: | , |
| Formato: | Electrónico eBook |
| Idioma: | Inglés |
| Publicado: |
Chichester, West Sussex :
Wiley Blackwell,
2014.
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| Temas: | |
| Acceso en línea: | Texto completo |
Tabla de Contenidos:
- Pesticide Risk Assessment for Pollinators; Contents; List of Figures; List of Tables; Acknowledgments; About the Editors; Workshop Participants; Pellston Workshop Series; 1 Introduction; 1.1 Workshop Balance and Composition; 2 Overview of the Honey Bee; 2.1 Overview of Honey Bee Biology; 3 Overview of Non-Apis Bees; 3.1 Introduction; 3.2 Non-Apis Bee Biology and Diversity; 3.2.1 Generalist and Specialist Foragers; 3.2.2 Social and Solitary Behavior; 3.2.3 Status of Toxicity Testing for Non-Apis Bees; 3.3 Opportunities for Non-Apis Bees to Inform Pollinator Risk Assessment; 3.4 Conclusions.
- 6 Problem Formulation for an Assessment of Risk to Honey Bees from Applications of Plant Protection Products to Agricultural Crops6.1 What Is Problem Formulation?; 6.1.1 Selecting Assessment Endpoints; 6.1.2 Ecological Relevance; 6.1.3 Susceptibility to Known or Potential Stressors; 6.1.4 Defining and Relation of Assessment Endpoints to Protection Goals; 6.1.5 Conceptual Models; 6.2 Case 1: Problem Formulation for a Systemic Chemical Applied to the Soil, or as a Seed-Dressing; 6.2.1 Stressor Description; 6.2.2 Protection Goals; 6.2.3 Assessment Endpoints; 6.2.4 Conceptual Model.
- 6.2.5 Analysis Plan6.2.6 Data Needs for Exposure Characterization; 6.2.7 Data Needs for Effects Characterization; 6.2.8 Risk Characterization Approach; 6.3 Case 2: Problem Formulation for a Contact Chemical Applied asaFoliar Spray; 6.3.1 Stressor Description; 6.3.2 Management Goals; 6.3.3 Assessment Endpoints; 6.3.4 Conceptual Model; 6.3.5 Analysis Plan; 6.3.6 Screening Assessment; 6.3.7 Data Needs for Refined Exposure Characterization; 6.3.8 Data Needs for Effects Characterization; 6.3.9 Risk Characterization Approach; References; 7 Assessing Exposure of Pesticidesto Bees; 7.1 Introduction.
- 7.1.1 Potential Exposure to Foraging Bees7.1.2 Potential Exposure to Non-foraging Bees From Beeswax; 7.1.3 Residue Movement Through the Hive; 7.2 Potential Routes of Exposure for Non-Apis Bees; 7.2.1 Nesting Sites and Nesting Materials for Non-Apis Species; 7.3 Methods and Models for Estimating Exposure of Bees to Pesticides; 7.3.1 Screening Level Exposure Estimates; 7.4 Physical and Chemical Properties of Pesticide Active Ingredients Which Affect Exposure; 7.5 Information Needed to Develop Refined Predictive Exposure Models; 7.6 Predicted Contact Exposure for Foliar-Applied Products.