Cigarette consumption and health effects /

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Detalles Bibliográficos
Clasificación:Libro Electrónico
Otros Autores: Chen, George G. (Editor )
Formato: Electrónico eBook
Idioma:Inglés
Publicado: [Hauppauge] New York : Nova Biomedical, [2013]
Colección:Public health in the 21st century series.
Temas:
Smoking > Health aspects.
Smoking > adverse effects
HEALTH & FITNESS > Diseases > Nervous System (incl. Brain)
MEDICAL > Neurology.
Smoking > Health aspects
Tobacco > Physiological effect
Acceso en línea:Texto completo
Tabla de Contenidos:
  • Intro
  • CIGARETTE CONSUMPTION AND HEALTH EFFECTS
  • CIGARETTE CONSUMPTION AND HEALTH EFFECTS
  • Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
  • Contents
  • Preface
  • The Impact of Cigarette Smoking on Health, an Unfolding Battle
  • References
  • Chapter 1: Tobacco Smoke and Breast Cancer Risk: Rapid Evolution of Evidence and Understanding in the Early 21st Century
  • Abstract
  • Introduction
  • A. Active Smoking and Breast Cancer Risk
  • Smoking Risk before First Birth Appears to Be the Critical Window for Exposure
  • Smoking before First Birth and Breast Biology and Toxicology
  • Smoking Only before First Pregnancy Versus Only after First Pregnancy
  • Active Smoking and NAT2 Status
  • Active Smoking Conclusions
  • B. Secondhand Smoke and Breast Cancer Risk
  • Misclassification of SHS Exposure and Breast Cancer Risk
  • The Differences in Estimated Risk from Isolated Ever Exposure Versus Comprehensive Higher Exposure Measures
  • Other Summarization of SHS Literature
  • Secondhand Smoke Conclusions
  • Overall Conclusions
  • Acknowledgment
  • Disclaimer
  • References
  • Chapter 2: Cigarette Smoking and the Risk of Breast Cancer
  • A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
  • Abstract
  • Introduction
  • Methods
  • Results
  • Meta-Analysis on Various Measures of Active Smoking in Relation
  • Amount Of Smoking
  • Duration of Smoking
  • Age Started Smoking
  • By Menopausal Status of Breast Cancer
  • By Smoking at Different Reproductive Period
  • By Hormone Receptor Status of Breast Cancer
  • Potential Effect Modification by Genotype
  • Passive Smoking
  • Conclusion
  • References
  • Chapter 3: Significance of Smoking in Cervical Carcinogenesis
  • Abstract
  • Introduction
  • 1. Smoking and Cervical Lesions: Epidemiology
  • 2. Smoking and Cervical Epithelial Carcinogenesis
  • 2.1. Mechanisms of Action
  • 2.2. Smoking and Cervical Immunology.
  • Conclusion
  • References
  • Chapter 4: Association of Gene Polymorphisms with Lung and Colorectal Cancers in Relation to Smoking
  • Abstract
  • Introduction
  • Metabolic Enzymes
  • Gene Polymorphisms of Metabolic Enzymes and
  • Lung Cancer Risk
  • Gene Polymorphisms of Metabolic Enzymes
  • and Colorectal Cancer Risk
  • DNA Repair Pathways
  • Gene Polymorphisms of DNA Repair Pathways
  • and Lung Cancer Risk
  • Gene Polymorphisms of DNA Repair Pathways
  • and Colorectal Cancer Risk
  • References
  • Chapter 5: The Effect of Cigarette Smoking on Progression in Different Laryngeal Lesions
  • Abstract
  • Introduction
  • Patients and Methods
  • Results
  • Discussion
  • Conclusion
  • References
  • Chapter 6: Impact of Smoking on Oral Mucosa and Reproduction: Effects on Humans and Experimental Models
  • Abstract
  • Introduction
  • The Noxious Effects of CS on Oral Tissues
  • Smoking and Reproduction
  • Effects of Smoking on Male Reproductive Function
  • Effects of Smoking on Female Fertility
  • Acknowledgments
  • References
  • Chapter 7: Effect of Chronic Smoke in Human Oral Mucosa: The Morphological Point of View
  • Abstract
  • Introduction
  • Smoke Chemical Composition
  • Smoke and Oral Mucosa
  • Human Oral Mucosa
  • Human Oral Mucosa and Intercellular Adhesion
  • Smoke and Intercellular Adhesion
  • Conclusion
  • References
  • Chapter 8: Cigarette Smoking and Risk Factors of Cardiovascular Disease
  • Abstract
  • Introduction
  • Materials and Methods
  • Study Design
  • Samples
  • Methods
  • Biochemical Assays
  • Lipid Profile Assay
  • Tobacco Biomarkers
  • Clinical Evaluation
  • Criteria for Metabolic Syndrome
  • Statistical Analysis
  • Results
  • Risk Factors of Cardiovascular Disease in Smokers
  • Effect of Cigarette Smoking on Plasma Homocysteine Concentrations
  • Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) Activity and Lipid Parameters in Smokers.
  • Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome in Smokers
  • Correlation between these Factors and Two Biological Tobacco Markers
  • Discussion
  • Conclusion
  • References
  • Chapter 9: Potential Role of Cigarette Smoking in Two Emerging Endemic Diseases: Chronic Kidney Disease and Diabetes Mellitus
  • Abstract
  • List of Abbreviations
  • Introduction
  • Definition and Complications of Chronic Kidney Disease
  • Smoking as a Risk Factor for Initiation and Progression of CKD in the General Population
  • Role of Tobacco in Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease
  • Smoking and IgA Glomerulonephritis
  • Cigarette Smoking
  • Importance in Hypertensive Nephropathy
  • Smoking: A Common Origin of Ischemic Nephropathy
  • Tobacco Use in Lupus Nephritis
  • Patients on Renal Replacement Therapy (End-stage Renal Failure
  • Hemodialysis
  • CAPD
  • Transplantation)
  • Effect of Smoking
  • Conceptions for the Pathomechanisms of Smoking-induced Kidney Damage in CKD Patients
  • Hyperfiltration
  • Nicotine
  • Oxidative Stress
  • Tubulointerstitial Injury
  • Gene Modification
  • Reversibility
  • Histological Alterations of the Kidney due to Tobacco Consume
  • Renal Vessels
  • Glomerular and Tubulointerstitial Alterations
  • Role of Cigarette Smoking in the Development of Insulin Resistance, Impaired Fasting Glucose, Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Metabolic Syndrome
  • Cigarette Smoking Promotes the Commencement of Diabetic Nephropathy in a Mixed Population of Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetic Patients
  • Development of Diabetic Nephropathy in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
  • Cigarette Smoking
  • Effect on the Progression of Diabetic Nephropathy of Type 1 Diabetics
  • Initiation of Nephropathy in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Due to Chronic Cigarette Smoking
  • Tobacco as a Progression Promoter of DNP in Type 2 Diabetes
  • Diabetic Smokers with End-stage Renal Failure and Renal Replacement Therapy.
  • Smoking as a Risk Factor for All-cause Mortality in Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetic Patients with CKD
  • Possible Contribution of Smoking to Diabetic Nephropathy
  • Podocyte Damage
  • Hyperfiltration and Limited or Abolished Glomerular Autoregulation
  • Nicotine
  • Genetic Predisposition
  • Heavy Metals
  • Impaired Vasodilation
  • Elevated Resting Energy Expenditure
  • Reversibility
  • Histology in Diabetic Nephropathy and Metabolic Syndrome
  • Future Perspectives
  • References
  • Chapter 10: Effects of Cigarette Smoking on Oxidative Stress Biomarkers
  • Abstract
  • Introduction
  • Materials and Methods
  • Study Design
  • Samples
  • Methods
  • Smoking Questionnaire
  • Biochemical Assays
  • Paraoxonase Activity
  • Tobacco Biomarkers
  • Clinical Evaluation
  • Statistical Analysis
  • Results
  • Risk Factors of Oxidative Stress in Smokers
  • Effect of Cigarette Smoking on Plasma Total Homocysteine Concentrations
  • Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) Activity in Smokers
  • Effect of Cigarette Smoking on Uric Acid Levels
  • Effect of Cigarette Smoking on Bilirubin Levels
  • Effect of Cigarette Smoking on Albumin Levels
  • Effect of Cigarette Smoking on MDA Levels
  • Correlation between the Studied Oxidative Stress Factors and Two Biological Tobacco Markers
  • Discussion
  • Conclusion
  • References
  • Chapter 11: Causality of Cigarette Smoking among Young Men in Taiwan
  • Abstract
  • Introduction
  • Methods
  • Study Sample and Study Design
  • Data Collection and Measurement
  • Statistical Analysis
  • Results
  • Discussion
  • Acknowledgments
  • References
  • Chapter 12: Review
  • Bacteria, Mold and Microbial Toxinsof Cigarettes
  • Abstract
  • Abbreviations
  • 1. Introduction
  • FDA List of Harmful Constituents of Tobacco Smoke
  • Structured Studies of Tobacco Smoke Chemical Toxicants
  • Aflatoxin B1
  • First Listing of a Microbe-derived Carcinogen of Tobacco.
  • Tobacco Microbes and Microbial Toxins
  • Propensity for Harm
  • Tobacco Microbes, Cigarette Smoke and Carcinogenic Nitrosamines
  • 2. Tobacco Microflora, Curing and Fermentation
  • The Microbiology of Tobacco
  • Biological and Chemical Components in Tobacco
  • A New Perspective
  • 3. Chronic Inflammation and Tobacco Smoke
  • Tobacco Microbes and Lung Leukocyte Toll Receptors
  • Cigarette Smoke, Chronic Inflammation, and Impaired Immunity
  • Inhaled Microbes and the Alveolus
  • Toll Receptor Mediated Pro-inflammatory Response
  • LPS in Tobacco Smoke
  • 4. COPD and Chronic Inflammation
  • Bacterial Colonization of the Lung
  • 5. Transfer of Tobacco Flakes into Mainstream Smoke
  • Tobacco Bacteria Escape Pyrolysis
  • 6. Immune Response to the Inhalation of Tobacco-associated Bacillus
  • Cigarettes, Tobacco, Bacteria and Spores
  • Cigarettes, Tobacco, and Mold
  • 7. Chewing Tobacco and Microbes
  • Potential Pathogens and Aflatoxin
  • Summary
  • References
  • Index.

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