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Solar energy at urban scale /
Increasing urbanization throughout the world, the depletion of fossil fuels and concerns about global warming have transformed the city into a physical problem of prime importance. This book proposes a multi-disciplinary and systematic approach concerning specialities as different as meteorology, ge...
| Clasificación: | Libro Electrónico |
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| Otros Autores: | |
| Formato: | Electrónico eBook |
| Idioma: | Inglés |
| Publicado: |
London : Hoboken, NJ :
ISTE Ltd. ; John Wiley & Sons,
2012.
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| Colección: | ISTE.
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| Temas: | |
| Acceso en línea: | Texto completo |
Tabla de Contenidos:
- Cover; Solar Energy at Urban Scale; Title Page; Copyright Page; Table of Contents; Introduction; The Authors; Chapter 1. The Odyssey of Remote Sensing from Space: Half a Century of Satellites for Earth Observations; 1.1. To improve the weather forecasts; 1.2. Technological challenges to spy and to map from orbit; 1.3. Toward global environmental observers in space; 1.4. The digital revolution of the ICTs for GIS applications; 1.5. Suggested reading; Chapter 2. Territorial and Urban Measurements; 2.1. Solar radiation at the Earth's surface; 2.2. Instrumentation.
- 2.2.1. Fundamentals of solar irradiance measurements2.2.2. Solar radiometers; 2.2.2.1. Pyrheliometers; 2.2.2.2. Pyranometers; 2.2.2.3. World radiometric reference; 2.2.2.4. Radiometers calibration and uncertainty; 2.2.2.5. Classification of pyranometers; 2.2.3. Sunshine duration measurements; 2.2.3.1. Burning card method; 2.2.3.2. Pyranometric method; 2.2.4. Data quality assessment; 2.2.5. Data availability; 2.3. Radiation measurements in urban environment; 2.3.1. Description scales; 2.3.2. Urban site description; 2.3.3. WMO recommendations.
- 2.3.3.1. Scope of measurements and measurement site selection2.3.3.2. Measurements and corrections; 2.4. Conclusions; 2.5. Acknowledgments; 2.6. Bibliography; Chapter 3. Sky Luminance Models; 3.1. CIE standard overcast sky (1955); 3.2. CIE standard clear sky (1996); 3.3. CIE standard general sky; 3.4. All-weather model for sky luminance distribution
- Perez; 3.5. ASRC-CIE model; 3.6. Igawa all-sky model; 3.7. Absolute luminance; 3.8. Visualization; 3.9. Conclusion; 3.10. Bibliography; Chapter 4. Satellite Images Applied to Surface Solar Radiation Estimation; 4.1. The solar resource.
- 4.2. Ground measurements of the solar resource4.2.1. Ground instruments; 4.2.2. The spatial variability of solar radiation; 4.3. Satellite images for SSI estimation; 4.4. Two different approaches for satellite-based SSI estimation; 4.4.1. SSI clear-sky models; 4.4.2. The inverse approach; 4.4.2.1. The calculation of the cloud coverage index; 4.4.2.2. The calculation of the GHI; 4.4.3. The direct approach; 4.5. Accuracy of satellite-based SSI estimations; 4.6. Use of satellite observations for high-resolution solar radiation estimation.
- 4.6.1. High-resolution solar atlas of Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur4.6.1.1. Model for the variation of the optical path length; 4.6.1.2. Model for sky obstruction effects by the orography; 4.6.1.3. Uncertainty analysis of the solar atlas; 4.6.1.4. Dissemination of the solar atlas; 4.6.2. Solar resource assessment at urban scale; 4.7. Bibliography; Chapter 5. Worldwide Aspects of Solar Radiation Impact; 5.1. Global energy budget at the Earth level; 5.2. The distribution of solar radiation on the Earth's surface; 5.2.1. Consequence of the unequal distribution of sunshine.