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Operating and planning electricity grids with variable renewable generation : review of emerging lessons from selected operational experiences and desktop studies /
The paper 'Challenges and Approaches to Electricity Grids Operations and Planning with Increased Amounts of Variable Renewable Generation: Emerging Lessons from Selected Operational Experiences and Desktop Studies' focuses on analyzing the impacts of variable renewable energy on the operat...
| Clasificación: | Libro Electrónico |
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| Autor principal: | |
| Autor Corporativo: | |
| Otros Autores: | |
| Formato: | Electrónico eBook |
| Idioma: | Inglés |
| Publicado: |
Washington :
World Bank Publications,
©2013.
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| Colección: | World Bank studies.
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| Temas: | |
| Acceso en línea: | Texto completo |
Tabla de Contenidos:
- Cover; Contents; Acknowledgments; About the Authors; Abbreviations; Executive Summary; Tables; Table ES. 1: Strategies to Manage Variability of Renewables in System Operations and Some Prerequisites for Their Application and Effectiveness; Chapter 1 The Challenges of Integrating Wind and Solar Generation; Introduction; Wind and Solar Development; Figures; Figure 1.1: Leading Countries in Installed Wind Capacity, 2010; The Operational Challenges in Integrating Wind and Solar Generation; Figure 1.2: Top 10 Countries in Solar Photovoltaic (PV) Capacity, 2010, by Percent.
- Table 1.1: Leading Countries in Energy Penetration from Wind Energy (2009, unless otherwise indicated)Boxes; Box 1.1: Variable Renewable Sources: Dispatchable, But Not Controllable; Box 1.2: What Grid Codes Can and Cannot Do; Understanding Electricity Systems' Operational Time Frames and the Impact of the Variability of Wind and Solar Generation; Figure 1.3: Power System Operation Time Frames; Table 1.2: Flexibility Characteristics of Some Generation Technologies; Summary of Findings from Variable Generation Integration Studies and Operational Experiences.
- Table 1.3: Reserve Definitions in Germany, Ireland, and the United StatesTable 1.4: Additional Up-Regulation per 1,000 MW of Incremental Wind Generation Capacity in ERCOT; Figure 1.4: Integration Costs at Various Levels of Wind Power Capacity Penetration; Figure 1.5: Incremental Balancing Reserves at Various Levels of Wind Power Capacity Penetration; Table 1.5: Operational Time Frames; Box 1.3: Estimating Short-Term Reserve Requirements from Wind and Solar Variability; Figure 1.6: Example of Wind Ramps in Spain: Top Wind Power Drops, Bottom Combined Cycle Gas Power Output Increases.
- Other Findings from Operational ExperiencesBox 1.4: Bonneville Power Administration's Environmental Redispatch Policy; Figure 1.7: Installed Wind Capacity in China, 2000-10; Figure 1.8: An Example of Daily Load, Net Load, and Wind Production in China; Table 1.6: Synopsis of Case Study of Wind Integration in China; Figure 1.9: dena Grid Study II Transmission Scenarios; Table 1.7: Synopsis of Wind Integration in Germany; Solar Integration; Table 1.8: Synopsis of Wind Integration in Spain.
- Figure 1.10: Average Load, Net Load, and Wind and Solar Hourly Profiles from a Grid Integration Study in CaliforniaFigure 1.11: One- and 10-Minute Ramps from Six PV Plants in Las Vegas; Figure 1.12: Cumulative Distributions of Ramps from Individual PV Plants, Pairs of Variously Spaced Plants, and the Aggregate of All Plants in Arizona; Note; Table 1.9: Estimated Unit Cost of Reserves to Manage Short-Term Solar Variability; Chapter 2 Integration Strategies and Solutions; Table 2.1: Strategies for Integrating Variable Generation; Forecasting; Note.
- Chapter 3 Contribution of Variable Power Sources to Supply Adequacy.