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Physics and Dynamics of Clouds and Precipitation.
New textbook on microphysics, thermodynamics and cloud-scale dynamics of clouds and precipitation, for graduate and advanced undergraduate students, researchers and professionals.
| Clasificación: | Libro Electrónico |
|---|---|
| Autor principal: | |
| Formato: | Electrónico eBook |
| Idioma: | Inglés |
| Publicado: |
Cambridge :
Cambridge University Press,
2013.
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| Temas: | |
| Acceso en línea: | Texto completo |
Tabla de Contenidos:
- Cover; Contents; Preface; 1 Observation of clouds; 1.1 Water vapor in the atmosphere; 1.2 Where do clouds occur in the atmosphere?; 1.3 Conventional classifications of clouds; 1.3.1 High clouds (base height greater than 6000 m); 1.3.2 Middle clouds (base height between 2000 and 6000 m); 1.3.3 Low clouds (base height lower than 2000 m); 1.3.4 Clouds with vertical development; 1.4 Precipitation; 1.5 Observing clouds from an aircraft; 1.6 Cloud classification according to the phase of water substance; 1.7 Remote-sensing techniques of cloud observation; 1.7.1 Radar and lidar techniques.
- 1.7.2 Satellite techniquesProblem; 2 The shape and size of cloud and precipitation particles; 2.1 Clouds as a colloidal system; 2.2 Frequency of liquid water and ice clouds in subfreezing environment; 2.3 Types of particles in clouds and precipitation; 2.4 Sampling of cloud and precipitation particles; 2.5 Cloud droplet size distributions; 2.5.1 Mathematical expressions of cloud drop size distributions; 2.6 Raindrop size distributions; 2.6.1 Double-gamma distribution; 2.7 Raindrop shape problem; 2.7.1 Quasi-spheroid approach; 2.7.2 Conical particle approach.
- 2.8 Size and shape of graupel and hail2.9 Shape and size of ice crystals and snowflakes; 2.9.1 Habit of ice crystals; 2.9.2 Magono-Lee classification; 2.9.3 Dimensional relations; 2.9.4 Ice crystal and snowflake size and shape distribution; 2.9.5 Mathematical representations of ice and snow crystal shapes; Problems; 3 Molecular structures of water substance; 3.1 Single water molecule; 3.1.1 Electronic structure of the water molecule; 3.1.2 Electric dipole moment; 3.1.3 Water isotopes; 3.2 Hydrogen bonds; 3.3 Structure of water vapor; 3.4 Molecular structure of ice; 3.4.1 Ice-Ih.
- Defects in ice-IhQuasi-liquid layer on ice surface; 3.4.2 Ice-Ic; 3.4.3 Other forms of ice; 3.5 Molecular structure of liquid water; Problems; 4 Bulk thermodynamic equilibrium among water vapor, liquid water, and ice; 4.1 Thermodynamic systems; 4.2 The first law of thermodynamics
- conservation of energy; 4.3 Closed systems; 4.4 Adiabatic process for a closed system; 4.5 A simple conceptual model for small cumulus cloud formation; 4.6 Entropy; 4.7 Open systems; 4.8 Gibbs-Duhem relation; 4.9 General condition of thermodynamic equilibrium; 4.10 Clausius-Clapeyron equation.
- 4.11 Phase diagram for water substance4.12 Supercooling and the Bergeron-Findeisen process; 4.13 Order of phase change; 4.14 Calculation of the saturation vapor pressures; Problems; 5 Surface thermodynamics of water substance; 5.1 The interface as a phase; 5.2 Surface tension of liquids; 5.3 Surface tension of solids; 5.4 Mechanical equilibrium among curved interface systems; 5.5 Contact angle and wettability; 5.6 Component chemical potentials in an ideal gas mixture; 5.7 The chemical potential of water in an aqueous solution; 5.8 Ideal and non-ideal solutions.