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Handbook of Clay Science.
The Handbook of Clay Science provides a critical and up-to-date account of clay science, ranging from the fundamental structure and surface chemistry of clays and clay minerals to their environmental and industrial applications. The topics covered range from the fundamental structures and properties...
| Clasificación: | Libro Electrónico |
|---|---|
| Otros Autores: | , , |
| Formato: | Electrónico eBook |
| Idioma: | Inglés |
| Publicado: |
Elsevier Science
2011.
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| Colección: | Developments in clay science ;
1. |
| Temas: | |
| Acceso en línea: | Texto completo |
Tabla de Contenidos:
- Front cover
- Title page
- Copyright page
- Dedication
- Table of contents
- List of Contributors by Country of Residence
- Acknowledgements
- Contributing Authors
- Forward
- 1 General Introduction: Clays, Clay Minerals, and Clay Science
- Aim and Scope
- Clay
- Clay Mineral
- Distinction between Clay and Clay Mineral
- Clay Mineral Properties
- Associated Minerals
- Associated Phases
- Other Solids with Similar Properties
- Clay Mineral Particles and Aggregates
- Clay Minerals and Environment
- Alternative Concepts of Clay Minerals
- Clay Science
- Concluding Remarks
- References
- 2 Structures and Mineralogy of Clay Minerals
- General Structural Information
- Layer Charge (X)
- Polytypism
- Mixed-Layer Structures
- The 1:1 Layer
- Dioctahedral 1:1 Minerals: The Kaolin Group
- A. Kaolinite
- B. Dickite
- C. Nacrite
- D. Halloysite
- E. Hisingerite
- Trioctahedral 1:1 Minerals: The Serpentine Group
- The 2:1 Layer
- Pyrophyllite, Talc, and Related Minerals
- True and Brittle Micas
- Illite
- Smectites
- Vermiculite
- Chlorite
- Illite-Smectite and other Interstratifications between Dioctahedral Non-Expandable and Expandable 2:1 Layers
- Allophane and Imogolite
- Palygorskite and Sepiolite
- References
- 3 Surface and Interface Chemistry of Clay Minerals
- Surface Atoms
- Surface Structures and Properties
- The Neutral Siloxane Surface
- Constant Charge Sites (Siloxane Surface with Permanent Charge)
- The Hydroxyl Surface
- Hydrophobic-Hydrophilic Character of Clay Mineral Surfaces
- Clay-Water Interactions
- Structure and Properties of Water Sorbed to Clay Mineral Surfaces
- Influence of Water on Clay Mineral Structure
- Surface Chemistry in Aqueous Dispersions
- Preliminary Considerations
- Spectroscopy
- Monomers, Dimers and Aggregates.
- Organisation of Clay Mineral Particles and Molecules
- Self-Assembling
- Langmuir-Blodgett Technique
- References
- 4 Synthetic Clay Minerals and Purification of Natural Clays
- Methodology
- Synthesis from Very Dilute Solutions
- Solid-State Reactions
- Hydrothermal Synthesis
- Germination Process
- Crystal Growth
- Role of temperature
- Role of pH
- Role of time: crystallization versus crystallinity
- Intermediate phases
- Characterization of Synthetic Clay Minerals
- Synthesis of Specific Clay Minerals
- Micas
- Smectites
- Kaolinite
- Sepiolite
- Purification of Clays
- Purification Procedures
- Decomposition of Carbonates
- Recommended procedure
- Dissolution of (Hydr)oxides
- Recommended procedure
- Oxidation of Organic Materials
- Recommended procedure
- Dissolution of Silica
- Removal of Remaining Salt by Dialysis and Fractionation
- A Simplified 'Gentle' Purification Method
- Na+-exchange
- Washing
- Recommended procedure
- A Pilot Purification Technique
- Conclusions
- References
- 5 Colloid Clay Science
- Clay Mineral Particles
- Particle and Aggregate Structure
- Layer and Edge Charges
- Clay Minerals in Water
- Hydrates of 2:1 Clay Minerals
- Structure of the Hydrates
- Colloidal Dispersions
- Electrokinetic Properties
- Preparation of Colloidal Dispersions
- Fractionation of Clay Dispersions
- Dispersions of Kaolins
- Dispersions of Smectites and Vermiculites
- H+-Saturated Smectites
- Determination of Particle Size and Shape in Colloidal Clay Dispersions
- Coagulation of Colloidal Clay Mineral Dispersions and Mechanisms of Coagulation
- Coagulation by Inorganic Salts
- Coagulation of Mixed Clay Mineral Dispersions
- Influence of Alcohols
- Influence of Surface Active Agents on Salt Coagulation
- Stabilisation by Betaines
- Coagulation by Organic Cations
- Coagulation by Acids.
- Influence of Poly(hydroxo metal) Cations
- Clay Mineral-Oxide Interactions
- Calculation of Interaction Energies
- Flocculation and Stabilisation by Polymers
- Flocculation and Stabilisation Mechanisms
- Flocculation by Polyanions
- Flocculation by Polycations
- Peptisation (Deflocculation) of Clay Dispersions by Macromolecules
- Aggregation of Clay Mineral Particles and Gelation
- Modes of Aggregation
- Plasticity
- Sedimentation and Filtration
- Sol-Gel Transition
- Thixotropy
- Hydrogels of Organo-Clays
- Gelation in Organic Solvents
- Layer-by-Layer Aggregation: Clay Hybrid Films
- Nanoparticle Growth in Clays
- References
- 6 Mechanical Properties of Clays and Clay Minerals
- Physico-Chemical Behaviour of Clay Minerals
- General
- Clay Mineral-Water Interaction
- Hydraulic Conductivity
- Gas Penetrability
- Ion Diffusivity
- Mechanical Characteristics of Clays
- Swelling and Consolidation Properties
- Rheological Properties
- References
- 7 Modified Clays and Clay Minerals
- 7.1 Acid Activation of Clay Minerals
- Properties and Auto-Transformation of H+-Exchanged Clay Minerals
- Methods of Investigation
- Acid Dissolution of Smectites
- Final Solid Reaction Product
- Optimum Activation Conditions
- Acid-Activation and Pore Structures
- Acid Activation of Other Clay Minerals
- Kaolinite and Metakaolinite
- Sepiolite and Palygorskite
- Catalytic Properties of Acid Activated Clay Minerals
- Smectites
- Metakaolinite
- Modified Clay Minerals
- Conclusion
- References
- 7.2 Thermally Modified Clay Minerals
- Freezing of Clay Minerals
- Effect of Freeze-Drying on the Texture of Clay Minerals
- Changes in Acidity
- Changes in Mechanical and Rheological Properties
- Dehydration of Clay Minerals
- Changes in Porosity
- De- and Re-Adsorption of Water
- Changes in Surface Acidity on Dehydration.
- The Hofmann-Klemen Effect
- Dehydroxylated Phases
- Kaolinite Group
- Serpentines
- T-O-T Minerals
- High-Temperature Phases
- References
- 7.3 Clay Mineral Organic Interactions
- Intercalation Reactions of Kaolinites
- Type of Guest Compounds
- Mechanism of Intercalation
- Structure of Intercalation Complexes
- Displacement Reactions
- Entraining Reactions
- Intercalation of Alkali Halogenides
- Grafting Reactions
- Differentiation of Kaolinites
- Reactions of 2:1 Clay Minerals
- Alkylammonium Derivatives
- Interactions with Cationic Dyes
- Aggregation of the Adsorbed Dyes
- Orientation of Intercalated Dye Molecules
- Reaction with Cationic Complexes
- Adsorptive Properties of Alkylammonium Clay Minerals
- Adsorption from Binary Solutions and the Hydrophilic/Hydrophobic Character of Clay Mineral Surfaces
- Adsorption Excess Isotherms
- Heat of Wetting
- Examples
- Phase Transitions
- Intercalation of Polymers and Proteins
- Polymerisation in the Interlayer Space
- Advanced Applications of Clay Mineral-Organic Complexes
- References
- 7.4 Clay Minerals and the Origin of Life
- Clay Minerals as Possible Genetic Material
- Clay Minerals and the Origin of Biological One-Handedness
- Clays as Prebiotic Catalysts
- Clay-Catalysed Synthesis of RNA
- Polypeptide Formation on Clay Minerals
- Unresolved Questions and Conclusions
- References
- 7.5 Pillared Clays and Clay Minerals
- Pillaring Concept
- Pillared Clay Minerals and Catalysis
- IUPAC Definition of Pillaring and Pillared Clay Minerals
- Host Clay Minerals
- Pillaring Species
- (Al13)7+-Pillaring Agent
- Hydrolysis Products
- Procedures for Obtaining Al13
- Factors Influencing Al13 Formation
- Other Pillaring Agents
- Mixed Al-M and M-M' Pillaring Agents
- Pillaring Agents with More Than Two Cations
- New Pillaring Agents
- Pillaring Methods.
- Pillaring in Dilute Dispersions
- Pillaring in Concentrated Medium
- Main PILC Characteristics for Different Applications
- Intercalant Stability Before and After Pillaring
- Linkage between Pillars and Clay Mineral Layers
- Conclusions
- References
- 8 Properties and Behaviour of Iron in Clay Minerals
- Phases of Iron in Clay Minerals
- Phase Identification
- Distribution between Octahedral and Tetrahedral Sites
- Methods for Iron Reduction
- Dithionite
- Bacteria
- Surface Interactions with Water
- Clay Mineral-Organic Interactions
- Layer Charge, Cation Exchange, and Cation Fixation
- Reduction Potentials and Reaction with Redox-Active Ions
- Redox Transformation of Nitrate
- Redox Transformation of Cr6+
- Mechanism for Iron Reduction
- Use of Redox-Modified Smectites in Clay-Modified Electrodes
- Summary and Conclusions
- References
- 9 Clays, Microorganisms, and Biomineralization
- Experimental Aspects
- Field Investigation
- Geology
- Water Chemistry
- Microbial Mats
- Laboratory Work
- Sample Preparation
- (a) Thin sections
- (b) Ultra-thin sections
- Optical Microscopy
- (a) Bright field image
- (b) Polarizing microscope image
- (c) Fluorescence and epifluorescence microscope images
- X-ray Diffraction (XRD)
- X-ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy (XRF)
- Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
- Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)
- Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectrometry (EDX)
- Microorganism Culture Methods
- Bioformation of X-Ray Amorphous Layer Silicates
- Microbial Mats in Ponds
- Microbial Mats in Hot Springs
- Bioformation of Halloysite, Kaolinite and Imogolite
- Bio-Halloysite from Feldspar in Kutani Glaze
- Bio-Halloysite Balls from Dam Sediments
- Bio-Kaolinite and Bio-Imogolite from Weathered Feldspar
- Bioformation of Smectites Minerals
- Bio-Nontronite from Iheya Deep-Sea Sediments.