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The Contribution of the Rwanda Tribunal to the Development of International Law.

This book offers a thorough analysis of the establishment and the Statute of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda. Furthermore, it gives insight into how the Rwanda Tribunal has operated in practice during its first ten years and it examines the case law on the three major international cr...

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Detalles Bibliográficos
Clasificación:	Libro Electrónico
Formato:	Electrónico eBook
Idioma:	Inglés
Publicado:	BRILL 2005.
Temas:	International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda. International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda Trials (Genocide) > Rwanda. War crime trials > Rwanda. Procès (Génocide) > Rwanda. Procès (Crimes de guerre) > Rwanda. Trials (Genocide) War crime trials Rwanda
Acceso en línea:	Texto completo

Tabla de Contenidos:

LIST OF ICTR JUDGEMENTS, DECISIONS AND OTHER DOCUMENTS
LIST OF ICTY JUDGEMENTS, DECISIONS AND OTHER DOCUMENTS
TABLE OF OTHER CASES
TABLE OF TREATIES
LIST OF UNITED NATIONS DOCUMENTS
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
INTRODUCTION
1 Aim of the research and statement of the problem
2 Structure of the thesis
3 Methodology
I HISTORICAL AND POLITICAL CONTEXT OF THE EVENTS IN RWANDA IN 1994
I.1 Reasons for providing background information
I.2 Rwanda before the colonisation
I.3 The colonisation of Rwanda
I.4 Renewed independence for Rwanda
I.5 The four years before the genocide (1990-1994)
I.6 The genocide (April-July 1994)
II THE ESTABLISHMENT, ORGANISATION AND JURISDICTION OF THE ICTR
II. 1 The Rwandan conflict and the international community
II. 1.1 The Security Council
II. 1.2 Special Rapporteurs
II. 1.3 The Commission of Experts
II. 2 The establishment of the ICTR
II. 2.1 The motion on jurisdiction in the Kanyabashi case
II. 2.2 Rwanda: a threat to the peace?
II. 2.3 Article 41 of the UN Charter
II. 2.4 The ICTR as subsidiary organ: impartial and independent?
II. 3 The pros and cons of an international tribunal
II. 3.1 Facilitating several goals
II. 3.2 Rwanda's opposition against the Tribunal
II. 3.3 An abundance of objectives
II. 3.4 Critical notes
II. 3.5 The relationship with national courts
II. 3.6 Moderate expectations
II. 4 The organisation of the ICTR
II. 4.1 Chambers
II. 4.2 The Prosecution
II. 4.3 The Registry
II. 5 The jurisdiction of the ICTR
II. 5.1 Substantive jurisdiction
II. 5.2 Personal jurisdiction
II. 5.3 Territorial jurisdiction
II. 5.4 Temporal jurisdiction
II. 6 Conclusion
III ICTR CASE LAW ON GENOCIDE
III. 1 The development of the concept of genocide
III. 1.1 The doctrinal concept
III. 1.2 The legal concept.
III. 1.3 The definition of the Convention
III. 1.4 The Draft Codes of the ILC
III. 1.5 Two Special Rapporteurs
III. 1.6 The ICTY, ethnic cleansing and genocide
III. 1.7 The ICC Statute and Elements of Crimes
III. 2 The legality of including genocide in the ICTR Statute
III. 3 Genocide in Rwanda
III. 4 The mental element
III. 4.2 Required level of the mental element
III. 4.3 Evidence required to prove the mental element
III. 4.4 Motive
III. 4.5 'In whole or in part'
III. 4.6 Evaluation
III. 5 The protected group
III. 5.2 The Tutsi as a protected group
III. 5.3 Evaluation
III. 6 The physical element
III. 6.1 Different types of genocide
III. 6.3 Killing members of the group
III. 6.4 Causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group
III. 6.5 Deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part
III. 6.6 Imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group
III. 6.7 Forcibly transferring children of the group to another group
III. 6.8 Evaluation
III. 7 Conclusion
IV ICTR CASE LAW ON CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY
IV. 1 Notion and development of the term crimes against humanity
IV. 2 The ICTR definition and rationale of crimes against humanity
IV. 2.1 The Commission of Experts
IV. 2.2 ICTR case law
IV. 3 Part of a widespread or systematic attack against any civilian population
IV. 3.1 'A widespread or systematic attack'
IV. 3.1.1 The word 'attack'
IV. 3.1.2 The phrase 'widespread or systematic'
IV. 3.2 'Any civilian population'
IV. 3.3 'Part of'
IV. 4 The mental element.
IV. 5 The discriminatory element
IV. 5.1 Nature of the element: jurisdictional or substantive?
IV. 5.2 Enumeration of the grounds
IV. 6 The physical element
IV. 6.1 Murder
IV. 6.2 Extermination
IV. 6.3 Imprisonment
IV. 6.4 Torture
IV. 6.5 Rape
IV. 6.6 Persecution on political, racial and religious grounds
IV. 6.7 Other inhumane acts
IV. 7 Conclusion
V ICTR CASE LAW ON WAR CRIMES
V.1 The regulation of non-international armed conflicts
V.2 The drafting of Article 4 of the ICTR Statute
V.3 The legality of Article 4 of the ICTR Statute
V.3.1 Relevant ICTY findings
V.3.2 ICTR case law
V.3.3 Evaluation of the case law of the two ad hoc Tribunals
V.4 The armed conflict in Rwanda: was it really non-international?
V.4.1 A non-internal armed conflict
V.4.2 The impact of UN peace operations
V.4.3 The involvement of third States
V.4.4 The role of Uganda
V.4.5 The involvement of France
V.4.6 Evaluation of the ICTR's characterisation of the conflict in Rwanda
V.5 Temporal and territorial applicability of common Article 3 and Additional Protocol II
V.6 A direct link between the alleged crime and the armed conflict
V.6.1 The class of perpetrators
V.6.2 The class of victims
V.6.3 Further details on the requirement of a link
V.6.4 Some ICTY cases
V.6.5 A shift in the ICTR application of the requirement of a connection
V.6.6 Evaluation
V.7 The criminal acts
V.8 Conclusion
VI THE INTERRELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE THREE CRIMES
VI. 1 The hierarchy of the three crimes
VI. 2 Concurrence and cumulative convictions
VI. 3 Correspondence between the specific crime definitions
VI. 3.1 Genocide and crimes against humanity
VI. 3.2 Genocide and war crimes
VI. 3.3 Crimes against humanity and war crimes: the requirement of a connection
VI. 4 Conclusion.
VII CONCLUSIONS: CONTRIBUTIONS, CHALLENGES AND CONCERNS
VII. 1 Rwanda and the ICTR
VII. 2 The creation of an international criminal tribunal
VII. 3 The ICTR case law on genocide
VII. 4 The ICTR case law on crimes against humanity
VII. 5 The ICTR case law on war crimes
VII. 6 The ICTR and sources of international law
VII. 7 The contribution of the ICTR to the development of public international law
VII. 8 The ICTR's legacy: looking towards the future
BIBLIOGRAPHY
INDEX
APPENDICES
I: Security Council Resolution 955, 8 November 1994
II: Statute of the ICTR.

The Contribution of the Rwanda Tribunal to the Development of International Law.

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