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The Contribution of the Rwanda Tribunal to the Development of International Law.
This book offers a thorough analysis of the establishment and the Statute of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda. Furthermore, it gives insight into how the Rwanda Tribunal has operated in practice during its first ten years and it examines the case law on the three major international cr...
| Clasificación: | Libro Electrónico |
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| Formato: | Electrónico eBook |
| Idioma: | Inglés |
| Publicado: |
BRILL
2005.
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| Temas: | |
| Acceso en línea: | Texto completo |
MARC
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| 520 | |a This book offers a thorough analysis of the establishment and the Statute of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda. Furthermore, it gives insight into how the Rwanda Tribunal has operated in practice during its first ten years and it examines the case law on the three major international crimes: genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes. The author provides a balanced judgement of the contribution of the Rwanda Tribunal towards the development of international criminal law, emphasizing its strong points, in particular the case law on genocide, but also exposing its weaknesses in terms of legal reasoning. The author also demonstrates the inherent limits of the Rwanda Tribunal due to the political and social situation within Rwanda and due to its own Statute. | ||
| 505 | 0 | |a LIST OF ICTR JUDGEMENTS, DECISIONS AND OTHER DOCUMENTS -- LIST OF ICTY JUDGEMENTS, DECISIONS AND OTHER DOCUMENTS -- TABLE OF OTHER CASES -- TABLE OF TREATIES -- LIST OF UNITED NATIONS DOCUMENTS -- LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS -- INTRODUCTION -- 1 Aim of the research and statement of the problem -- 2 Structure of the thesis -- 3 Methodology -- I HISTORICAL AND POLITICAL CONTEXT OF THE EVENTS IN RWANDA IN 1994 -- I.1 Reasons for providing background information -- I.2 Rwanda before the colonisation -- I.3 The colonisation of Rwanda -- I.4 Renewed independence for Rwanda -- I.5 The four years before the genocide (1990-1994) -- I.6 The genocide (April-July 1994) -- II THE ESTABLISHMENT, ORGANISATION AND JURISDICTION OF THE ICTR -- II. 1 The Rwandan conflict and the international community -- II. 1.1 The Security Council -- II. 1.2 Special Rapporteurs -- II. 1.3 The Commission of Experts -- II. 2 The establishment of the ICTR -- II. 2.1 The motion on jurisdiction in the Kanyabashi case -- II. 2.2 Rwanda: a threat to the peace? -- II. 2.3 Article 41 of the UN Charter -- II. 2.4 The ICTR as subsidiary organ: impartial and independent? -- II. 3 The pros and cons of an international tribunal -- II. 3.1 Facilitating several goals -- II. 3.2 Rwanda's opposition against the Tribunal -- II. 3.3 An abundance of objectives -- II. 3.4 Critical notes -- II. 3.5 The relationship with national courts -- II. 3.6 Moderate expectations -- II. 4 The organisation of the ICTR -- II. 4.1 Chambers -- II. 4.2 The Prosecution -- II. 4.3 The Registry -- II. 5 The jurisdiction of the ICTR -- II. 5.1 Substantive jurisdiction -- II. 5.2 Personal jurisdiction -- II. 5.3 Territorial jurisdiction -- II. 5.4 Temporal jurisdiction -- II. 6 Conclusion -- III ICTR CASE LAW ON GENOCIDE -- III. 1 The development of the concept of genocide -- III. 1.1 The doctrinal concept -- III. 1.2 The legal concept. | |
| 505 | 8 | |a III. 1.3 The definition of the Convention -- III. 1.4 The Draft Codes of the ILC -- III. 1.5 Two Special Rapporteurs -- III. 1.6 The ICTY, ethnic cleansing and genocide -- III. 1.7 The ICC Statute and Elements of Crimes -- III. 2 The legality of including genocide in the ICTR Statute -- III. 3 Genocide in Rwanda -- III. 4 The mental element -- III. 4.1 Travaux préparatoires of the 1948 Genocide Convention -- III. 4.2 Required level of the mental element -- III. 4.3 Evidence required to prove the mental element -- III. 4.4 Motive -- III. 4.5 'In whole or in part' -- III. 4.6 Evaluation -- III. 5 The protected group -- III. 5.1 Travaux préparatoires of the 1948 Genocide Convention and early writings -- III. 5.2 The Tutsi as a protected group -- III. 5.3 Evaluation -- III. 6 The physical element -- III. 6.1 Different types of genocide -- III. 6.2 Travaux préparatoires of the 1948 Genocide Convention -- III. 6.3 Killing members of the group -- III. 6.4 Causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group -- III. 6.5 Deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part -- III. 6.6 Imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group -- III. 6.7 Forcibly transferring children of the group to another group -- III. 6.8 Evaluation -- III. 7 Conclusion -- IV ICTR CASE LAW ON CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY -- IV. 1 Notion and development of the term crimes against humanity -- IV. 2 The ICTR definition and rationale of crimes against humanity -- IV. 2.1 The Commission of Experts -- IV. 2.2 ICTR case law -- IV. 3 Part of a widespread or systematic attack against any civilian population -- IV. 3.1 'A widespread or systematic attack' -- IV. 3.1.1 The word 'attack' -- IV. 3.1.2 The phrase 'widespread or systematic' -- IV. 3.2 'Any civilian population' -- IV. 3.3 'Part of' -- IV. 4 The mental element. | |
| 505 | 8 | |a IV. 5 The discriminatory element -- IV. 5.1 Nature of the element: jurisdictional or substantive? -- IV. 5.2 Enumeration of the grounds -- IV. 6 The physical element -- IV. 6.1 Murder -- IV. 6.2 Extermination -- IV. 6.3 Imprisonment -- IV. 6.4 Torture -- IV. 6.5 Rape -- IV. 6.6 Persecution on political, racial and religious grounds -- IV. 6.7 Other inhumane acts -- IV. 7 Conclusion -- V ICTR CASE LAW ON WAR CRIMES -- V.1 The regulation of non-international armed conflicts -- V.2 The drafting of Article 4 of the ICTR Statute -- V.3 The legality of Article 4 of the ICTR Statute -- V.3.1 Relevant ICTY findings -- V.3.2 ICTR case law -- V.3.3 Evaluation of the case law of the two ad hoc Tribunals -- V.4 The armed conflict in Rwanda: was it really non-international? -- V.4.1 A non-internal armed conflict -- V.4.2 The impact of UN peace operations -- V.4.3 The involvement of third States -- V.4.4 The role of Uganda -- V.4.5 The involvement of France -- V.4.6 Evaluation of the ICTR's characterisation of the conflict in Rwanda -- V.5 Temporal and territorial applicability of common Article 3 and Additional Protocol II -- V.6 A direct link between the alleged crime and the armed conflict -- V.6.1 The class of perpetrators -- V.6.2 The class of victims -- V.6.3 Further details on the requirement of a link -- V.6.4 Some ICTY cases -- V.6.5 A shift in the ICTR application of the requirement of a connection -- V.6.6 Evaluation -- V.7 The criminal acts -- V.8 Conclusion -- VI THE INTERRELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE THREE CRIMES -- VI. 1 The hierarchy of the three crimes -- VI. 2 Concurrence and cumulative convictions -- VI. 3 Correspondence between the specific crime definitions -- VI. 3.1 Genocide and crimes against humanity -- VI. 3.2 Genocide and war crimes -- VI. 3.3 Crimes against humanity and war crimes: the requirement of a connection -- VI. 4 Conclusion. | |
| 505 | 8 | |a VII CONCLUSIONS: CONTRIBUTIONS, CHALLENGES AND CONCERNS -- VII. 1 Rwanda and the ICTR -- VII. 2 The creation of an international criminal tribunal -- VII. 3 The ICTR case law on genocide -- VII. 4 The ICTR case law on crimes against humanity -- VII. 5 The ICTR case law on war crimes -- VII. 6 The ICTR and sources of international law -- VII. 7 The contribution of the ICTR to the development of public international law -- VII. 8 The ICTR's legacy: looking towards the future -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- INDEX -- APPENDICES -- I: Security Council Resolution 955, 8 November 1994 -- II: Statute of the ICTR. | |
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