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Foreign Investment and the Environment in International Law.
Provides academics and practitioners with a detailed analysis of the interface between foreign investment and environmental law.
| Clasificación: | Libro Electrónico |
|---|---|
| Formato: | Electrónico eBook |
| Idioma: | Inglés |
| Publicado: |
Cambridge University Press
2012.
|
| Colección: | Cambridge Studies in International and Comparative Law
no. 94 |
| Temas: | |
| Acceso en línea: | Texto completo |
Tabla de Contenidos:
- Cover
- Foreign Investment and the Environment in International Law
- Title
- Copyright
- Dedication
- Contents
- Abbreviations
- Table of cases
- International Court of Justice/Permanent Court of International Justice
- International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea and UNCLOS-related arbitral tribunals
- WTO Dispute Settlement Body
- Other inter-State arbitrations
- Iran-United States Claims Tribunal
- Investment disputes (including OPIC decisions)
- European Court of Human Rights
- Inter-American Court of Human Rights
- Inter-American Commission on Human Rights
- African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights
- European Community Courts
- Tribunal of the Southern Africa Development Community
- Human Rights Committee
- World Heritage Committee
- Aarhus Convention (NCP)
- World Bank Inspection Panel
- IFC CAO
- Domestic case-law
- Domestic determinations (National Contact Points under the OECD Guidelines)
- Table of treaties
- Introductory observations
- Part I Setting the framework
- 1 Changing winds
- three signs
- 1.1 The first sign
- conceptual evolution
- 1.2 The second sign
- integrating the environment into investment treaties
- 1.3 The third sign
- the environment breaks into investment disputes
- 2 Conceptualising interactions
- 2.1 Foreign investment and the environment
- 2.2 Synergies
- 2.3 Conflicts
- 2.3.1 Basic definitions
- 2.3.2 Normative and legitimacy conflicts in theory
- 2.3.3 Normative and legitimacy conflicts in treaty practice
- 2.4 Levels and sectors
- 2.4.1 Levels
- 2.4.2 Sectors
- 3 Synergies
- harnessing foreign investment to promote environmental protection
- 3.1 The form of synergies
- environmental project finance and PPPs
- 3.1.1 Environmental project finance
- 3.1.1.1 Environmental funds
- the example of the GEF
- 3.1.1.2 Market mechanisms.
- 3.1.1.3 Hybrid approaches
- the PCF
- 3.1.2 Environmental PPPs
- 3.2 The substance of synergies
- climate change and biodiversity as examples
- 3.2.1 Foreign investment in climate change initiatives
- 3.2.1.1 Project-based mechanisms
- 3.2.1.2 Emissions trading
- 3.2.2 Foreign investment in biodiversity-related activities
- 3.2.2.1 Access and benefit sharing arrangements
- 3.2.2.2 Land use inducements
- 3.2.2.3 Tradable rights
- 4 Conflicts I
- soft control mechanisms
- 4.1 Standards of conduct
- 4.1.1 Direct standards affecting multinational enterprises
- 4.1.1.1 Overview
- 4.1.1.2 The OECD Guidelines
- 4.1.1.3 The UN Global Compact
- 4.1.2 Indirect standards affecting financial intermediaries
- 4.1.2.1 Overview
- 4.1.2.2 The IFC Performance Standards
- 4.2 Contractual approaches
- 4.2.1 Regulatory angle
- 4.2.2 Components of environmental contracts
- 4.3 Accountability mechanisms
- 4.3.1 Controlling companies
- direct mechanisms
- 4.3.1.1 Contractually agreed 'watchdogs'
- 4.3.1.2 Complaints before the Global Compact Office
- 4.3.1.3 OECD Specific Instances
- 4.3.1.4 The CAO Ombudsman procedure
- 4.3.2 Controlling the controllers
- indirect mechanisms
- 4.3.2.1 Controlling financiers
- the WB Inspection Panel and IFC compliance
- 4.3.2.2 Controlling regulators
- human rights bodies and non-compliance procedures
- 5 Conflicts II
- adjudication mechanisms
- 5.1 The adjudication of environment-related disputes
- 5.2 Jurisdictional matters
- 5.2.1 Jurisdictional bases in investment arbitration
- 5.2.2 Environmental claims
- 5.2.2.1 Environmental claims as investment claims
- 5.2.2.2 Environmental claims as independent heads of claim
- 5.2.2.3 Environmental counterclaims
- 5.2.3 Investments in accordance with (environmental) law
- 5.2.3.1 Environmental rights as investments.
- 5.2.3.2 Investments contrary to environmental law
- 5.3 Applicable law
- 5.3.1 Preliminary observations
- 5.3.2 Choice of law and other indications
- 5.3.2.1 Choice of law clause in an investment contract
- 5.3.2.2 Choice of law provision in an investment treaty
- 5.3.2.3 References to the validity of an investment
- 5.3.2.4 Default rules
- 5.3.3 Relevance
- 5.3.3.1 Boundaries of the dispute
- 5.3.3.2 The pleas of the parties
- 5.3.3.3 Specific uses of environmental norms
- 5.4 Procedural matters
- 5.4.1 Role of non-disputing parties
- 5.4.1.1 Raising environmental issues
- 5.4.1.2 Reasons for third-party intervention
- 5.4.1.3 Applicable framework
- 5.4.2 Evidentiary issues
- 5.4.2.1 Downplaying the role of science
- 5.4.2.2 Scientific assistance
- 5.4.2.3 Adjustments to evidentiary standards
- 5.5 Damages
- 5.5.1 The irrelevance thesis
- 5.5.2 The police powers thesis
- 5.5.3 Middle grounds
- Part II Normative conflicts
- 6 Normative priority in international law
- 6.1 Fragmentation as it concerns the relations between environmental and investment protection
- 6.2 Specific conflict norms
- 6.3 General conflict norms
- 6.3.1 Sequential application
- 6.3.2 Lex superior
- 6.3.3 Lex specialis
- 6.3.4 Lex posterior
- 6.3.5 Interpretation techniques
- 6.3.5.1 Mutual supportiveness as interpretive guidance
- 6.3.5.2 General systemic integration
- 6.3.5.3 The principle of contemporaneity in the application of environmental norms
- 7 Foreign investment and the international regulation of freshwater
- 7.1 International regulation of freshwater
- an analysis of collision points
- 7.1.1 Overview
- 7.1.2 The regulatory approach
- 7.1.3 The human rights approach
- 7.2 Decisions from adjudicatory and quasi-adjudicatory bodies
- 7.2.1 Overview
- 7.2.2 Water allocation
- 7.2.3 Pollution and depletion of water-bodies.
- 7.2.4 Procedural requirements
- 7.2.5 Access to clean and affordable water
- 7.3 Assessing contemporary practice
- 7.3.1 Conceptual findings
- 7.3.2 Some practical problems
- 7.3.2.1 The link is unclear
- 7.3.2.2 Invocation of the link in investment proceedings
- 7.3.2.3 The vulnerability of the link
- 7.3.2.4 The available conflict norms are (still) too general
- 8 Foreign investment and the protection of biological and cultural diversity
- 8.1 The protection of biological and cultural diversity
- an analysis of collision points
- 8.1.1 Overview
- 8.1.2 The regulatory approach
- 8.1.3 The human rights approach
- 8.2 Decisions from adjudicatory and quasi-adjudicatory bodies
- 8.2.1 Overview
- 8.2.2 Protected areas and species
- 8.2.3 Protection of minorities and Indigenous peoples
- 8.2.4 Other environmental obligations
- 8.3 Assessing contemporary practice
- 8.3.1 Conceptual findings
- 8.3.2 Some practical problems
- 8.3.2.1 The link is unclear
- 8.3.2.2 Invocation of the link in investment proceedings
- 8.3.2.3 The vulnerability of the link
- 8.3.2.4 The available conflict norms are (still) too general
- 9 Foreign investment and the international regulation of dangerous substances and activities
- 9.1 The regulation of dangerous substances and activities
- an analysis of collision points
- 9.1.1 Overview
- 9.1.2 The regulatory approach
- 9.1.3 The human rights approach
- 9.2 Decisions from adjudicatory and quasi-adjudicatory bodies
- 9.2.1 Overview
- 9.2.2 Administrative permits
- 9.2.3 Safety standards
- 9.2.4 Restriction of movement
- 9.2.5 Protection of the rights of individuals and minorities
- 9.3 Assessing contemporary practice
- 9.3.1 Conceptual findings
- 9.3.2 Some practical problems
- 9.3.2.1 The link is unclear
- 9.3.2.2 Invocation of the link in investment proceedings.
- 9.3.2.3 The vulnerability of the link
- 9.3.2.4 The adequacy of the available conflict norms
- 10 Foreign investment and the climate change regime
- 10.1 Climate change policies
- an analysis of collision points
- 10.1.1 Overview
- 10.1.2 The regulatory approach
- 10.1.3 The human rights approach
- 10.2 Decisions from adjudicatory and quasi-adjudicatory bodies
- 10.2.1 Overview
- 10.2.2 Cap-and-trade systems
- 10.2.3 Command-and-control regulation
- 10.2.4 Differentiation (subsidies and duties)
- 10.2.5 The use of a human rights approach
- 10.3 Assessing contemporary practice
- 10.3.1 Conceptual findings
- 10.3.2 Some practical problems
- 10.3.2.1 Building a link with international obligations
- 10.3.2.2 The vulnerability of the link
- 10.3.2.3 The adequacy of the available conflict norms
- Part III Legitimacy conflicts
- 11 Normative priority between different legal systems
- 11.1 Legitimacy conflicts
- 11.2 Specific conflict norms
- 11.2.1 Types of specific conflict norms
- 11.2.2 Some illustrations
- 11.2.3 Effects
- 11.3 General conflict norms
- 11.3.1 Relations between domestic and international law
- 11.3.2 Conflicts of (domestic) laws
- 11.3.3 Regulatory powers as general conflict norms
- 12 Environmental measures and expropriation clauses
- 12.1 Three strands of cases
- 12.2 Direct environmental expropriation
- 12.3 Targeted environmental measures
- 12.3.1 Targeted measures v. general regulation
- 12.3.2 Targeted environmental measures amounting to an expropriation
- 12.3.3 Targeted environmental measures not amounting to an expropriation
- 12.4 Regulatory environmental measures
- 12.4.1 Rule or exception?
- 12.4.2 Reasons why environmental regulation rarely amounts to an expropriation
- 12.4.2.1 The extent of the deprivation
- 12.4.2.2 The use of the police powers doctrine.