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Statistics in Medicine.
Statistics in Medicine, Third Edition makes medical statistics easy to understand by students, practicing physicians, and researchers. The book begins with databases from clinical medicine and uses such data to give multiple worked-out illustrations of every method. The text opens with how to plan s...
| Clasificación: | Libro Electrónico |
|---|---|
| Autor principal: | |
| Formato: | Electrónico eBook |
| Idioma: | Inglés |
| Publicado: |
Burlington :
Elsevier Science,
2012.
|
| Edición: | 3rd ed. |
| Temas: | |
| Acceso en línea: | Texto completo |
Tabla de Contenidos:
- Front Cover
- Statistics in Medicine
- Copyright Page
- Contents
- Foreword to the Third Edition
- Foreword to the Second Edition
- Foreword to the First Edition
- Acknowledgments
- Databases
- Indicators of Prostate Biopsy Results
- Background
- Data
- Effectiveness of a Drug in Reducing Nausea after Gall Bladder Removal
- Background
- Data
- Effect of Azithromycin on Serum Theophylline Levels of Patients with Emphysema
- Background
- Data
- Effect of Protease Inhibitors on Pulmonary Admissions
- Background
- Data
- Effect of Silicone Implants on Plasma Silicon
- Background
- Data
- Laser Removal of Tattoos as Related to Type of Ink Used
- Background
- Data
- Relation of Bone Density to Incidence of Femoral Neck Stress Fractures
- Background
- Data
- Comparing Two Types of Assays on the Effect of Glycosaminoglycans on the Bladder Surface
- Background
- Data
- Prediction of Growth Factors by Platelet Counts
- Background
- Data
- Tests of Recovery after Surgery on Hamstrings or Quadriceps
- Background
- Data
- Survival of Malarial Rats Treated with Hemoglobin, Red Blood Cells, or Placebo
- Background
- Data
- Identification of Risk Factors for Death Following Carinal Resection
- Background
- Data
- Quality Test on Warfarin International Normalized Ratio Values
- Background
- Data
- Exhaled Nitric Oxide as an Indicator of Exercise-Induced Bronchoconstriction
- Background
- Data
- Comparison of Kidney Cooling Methods Used to Prolong Surgical Time Window
- Background
- Data
- How to Use This Book
- 1 Goals
- Purpose of the Book
- The Most Used Statistical Methods and Concepts Are Included
- Using a Few Data Sets Repeatedly Allows the User to Focus on the Method
- 2 Use as a Textbook Versus as a Reference
- 3 Possible Schedules for Courses
- Short Course
- A Three-Credit Semester Course.
- A Year Course (Six Semester Credits)
- 1 Planning Studies: From Design to Publication
- 1.1 Organizing a Study
- 1.2 Stages of Scientific Knowledge
- Stages
- The Causative Process is of Interest, Not the Data
- Phase I-IV Studies
- 1.3 Science Underlying Clinical Decision Making
- The Scientific Method
- Jargon in Science
- Evidence
- Evidence versus Proof
- Evidence-Based Medicine
- 1.4 Why Do We Need Statistics?
- Primary Objective
- Population versus Sample
- Objective Restated
- What Statistics Will Not Do for Us
- What Statistics Will Do for Us
- 1.5 Concepts in Study Design
- Components of a Study
- Control Groups and Placebos
- Variables
- Moving from Sample to Population
- Representativeness and Bias
- Experimental Design Can Reduce Bias
- 1.6 Study Types
- Registry
- Case-Control Study
- Cohort Study
- Case-Control Contrasted with Cohort Studies
- Randomized Controlled Trial
- Paired and Crossover Designs
- 1.7 Convergence with Sample Size
- 1.8 Sampling Schemes
- Purpose of Sampling Schemes
- Simple Random Sampling
- Systematic Sampling
- Caution
- Stratified Sampling
- Cluster Sampling
- 1.9 Sampling Bias
- A Pictorial Example of Bias
- Increasing Representativeness by Random Samples
- Sources of Bias
- 1.10 How to Randomize a Sample
- Random versus Haphazard Assignment
- Random Number Generators
- Mechanical Generators
- Electronic Generators
- Tables of Random Numbers
- Assigning Patients to Groups
- Randomly Generated Sets That Are Flawed
- 1.11 How to Plan and Conduct a Study
- Professional Guides
- 1.12 Mechanisms to Improve your Study Plan
- Tricks of the Trade
- Work Backward Through the Logical Process
- Analyze Dummy Data
- Play the Role of Devil's Advocate
- 1.13 Reading Medical Articles
- Two Primary Goals
- Ways to Improve Efficiency in Reading Medical Articles.
- 1.14 Where Articles May Fall Short
- Confusing Statistical versus Clinical Significance
- Violating Assumptions Underlying Statistical Methods
- Generalizing from Poorly Behaved Data
- Failure to Define Data Formats, Symbols, or Statistical Terms
- Using Multiple Related Tests that Accumulate the p-Value
- Choosing Inappropriate Statistical Tests
- 1.15 Writing Medical Articles
- Format
- Level of Composition
- Selecting Content
- 1.16 Statistical Ethics in Medical Studies
- Ethics in the Conduct of Medical Studies Is a Broad Topic
- Patient Protection Requirements
- Patient Identifiers in Data Sheets
- Statistical Control Parameters and Sample Sizes Are at Issue
- Examples of Ethical Considerations in Specifying Sample Size Test Parameters
- Relationship among the Statistical Parameters
- Implications of a and Ý
- Effect on Patients from the Xerostomia Study
- Effect on Patients from the Breast Cancer Study
- The Choice of Ü and Ý Should Involve Clinical Implications to the Patient
- Effect of Test Sidedness on the Patient
- Choosing Sidedness
- Selection of the Clinical Difference e
- Effect of the Clinical Difference e on the Patient
- Conclusion
- Appendix to Chapter 1
- Glossary of Statistical Terms Used in Chapters 1 and 2
- 2 Planning Analysis: What Do I Do with My Data?
- 2.1 What is in this Chapter
- 2.2 Notation (or Symbols)
- Purpose of Symbols
- Categories of Symbols
- Formulas
- Becoming Familiar with Symbols
- A First Formula
- Indicator Symbols
- Symbols for Ranks
- 2.3 Quantification and Accuracy
- Statistics and Quantification
- Quantifying Data
- Accuracy versus Precision
- How Much Precision?
- 2.4 Data Types
- Types of Data
- Distinguishing between Types
- Rounding
- Ratings
- String (or Alphabetic) Data
- 2.5 Multivariable Concepts
- Univariate versus Multivariate Measures.
- Multiple, Multivariate, and Multivariable
- 2.6 How to Manage Data
- Make a Plan
- Raw Data
- Data in Format for Analysis
- Data Quality
- Missing Data
- Keeping Records
- Software for Data Management
- Software for Statistical Analysis
- Choosing Software
- Specialty Software
- 2.7 A First Step Guide to Descriptive Statistics
- Statistical Terms
- Accessing Computer Help
- Choosing Descriptors
- 2.8 Setting Up a Test Within a Study
- Testing as a Stage of Scientific Knowledge
- 2.9 Choosing the Right Test
- What Do You Want Your Data to Tell You?
- First Step Guides
- What to Expect from these Guides
- 2.10 A First Step Guide to Tests of Rates or Averages
- The Table Format
- Examples Follow the Table
- Information Required to Choose a Test
- An Example from Prostate Cancer
- Limitations of Table
- Large Sample Tests
- 2.11 A First Step Guide to Tests of Variability
- A Test of a Variance Against an Established Variance
- A Test of Two or More Variances
- 2.12 A First Step Guide to Tests of Distributions
- Tests of a Distribution versus an Established Form
- A Test of the Equality of Two Distributions
- Appendix to Chapter 2
- Examples for Table 2.2, by Position (Row Number, Column Number) in the Table
- EXAMPLE FOR POSITION (1,1) FROM TABLE 2.2
- EXAMPLE FOR POSITION (1,2) FROM TABLE 2.2
- EXAMPLE FOR POSITION (1,3) FROM TABLE 2.2
- EXAMPLE FOR POSITION (1,4) FROM TABLE 2.2
- EXAMPLE FOR POSITION (2,1) FROM TABLE 2.2
- EXAMPLE FOR POSITION (2,2) FROM TABLE 2.2
- EXAMPLE FOR POSITION (2,3) FROM TABLE 2.2
- EXAMPLE FOR POSITION (2,4) FROM TABLE 2.2
- EXAMPLE FOR POSITION (3,1) FROM TABLE 2.2
- EXAMPLE FOR POSITION (3,2) FROM TABLE 2.2
- EXAMPLE FOR POSITION (3,3) FROM TABLE 2.2
- EXAMPLE FOR POSITION (3,4) FROM TABLE 2.2
- EXAMPLE FOR POSITION (4,1) FROM TABLE 2.2.
- EXAMPLE FOR POSITION (4,2) FROM TABLE 2.2
- EXAMPLE FOR POSITION (4,3) FROM TABLE 2.2
- EXAMPLE FOR POSITION (4,4) FROM TABLE 2.2
- EXAMPLE FOR POSITION (5,1) FROM TABLE 2.2
- EXAMPLE FOR POSITION (5,2) FROM TABLE 2.2
- EXAMPLE FOR POSITION (5,3) FROM TABLE 2.2
- EXAMPLE FOR POSITION (5,4) FROM TABLE 2.2
- EXAMPLE FOR POSITION (6,1) FROM TABLE 2.2
- EXAMPLE FOR POSITION (6,2) FROM TABLE 2.2
- EXAMPLE FOR POSITION (6,3) FROM TABLE 2.2
- EXAMPLE FOR POSITION (6,4) FROM TABLE 2.2
- EXAMPLE FOR POSITION (7,1) FROM TABLE 2.2
- EXAMPLE FOR POSITION (7,2) FROM TABLE 2.2
- EXAMPLE FOR POSITION (7,3) FROM TABLE 2.2
- EXAMPLE FOR POSITION (7,4) FROM TABLE 2.2
- 3 Probability and Relative Frequency
- 3.1 Probability Concepts
- Probability Defined
- Probability Can Vary from 0 to 1
- The Additive Rule of Probability
- The Multiplicative Rule of Probability
- Bayes' Rule
- Combinations
- 3.2 Probability and Relative Frequency
- A Graph of Probability
- Relative Frequencies Estimate Probabilities
- Relative Frequency in Medicine
- The Accuracy of Estimation Increases as the Sample Size Grows Larger
- 3.3 Graphing Relative Frequency
- 3.4 Continuous Random Variables
- 3.5 Frequency Distributions for Continuous Variables
- Start with a Tally
- Frequencies Expressed as a Bar Chart
- Relative Frequencies in Continuous Distributions
- Effect of Increasing Sample Size
- Choosing Intervals
- 3.6 Probability Estimates from Continuous Distributions
- The Relationship
- Estimated Probability and the Term "Parameter"
- 3.7 Probability as Area under the Curve
- Concept
- The Graphical Relationship of Relative Frequency and Probability
- 4 Distributions
- 4.1 Characteristics of a Distribution
- 4.2 Greek Versus Roman Letters
- 4.3 What is Typical
- Averages
- Convergence with Increasing Sample Size.