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Renewable energy desalination : an emerging solution to close the water gap in the Middle East and North Africa.
The Middle East and North Africa (MENA) Region is one of the most water stressed regions in the world. Water scarcity has already become a challenge to development in many of the countries. Due to increasing population and Projected climate change impacts, MENA's annual water demand gap is proj...
| Clasificación: | Libro Electrónico |
|---|---|
| Formato: | Electrónico eBook |
| Idioma: | Inglés |
| Publicado: |
Washington, D.C. :
World Bank,
©2012.
|
| Colección: | MENA development report.
|
| Temas: | |
| Acceso en línea: | Texto completo |
MARC
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| 245 | 0 | 0 | |a Renewable energy desalination : |b an emerging solution to close the water gap in the Middle East and North Africa. |
| 260 | |a Washington, D.C. : |b World Bank, |c ©2012. | ||
| 300 | |a 1 online resource (xxii, 208 pages) : |b illustrations (some color), color maps | ||
| 336 | |a text |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
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| 490 | 1 | |a MENA development report | |
| 520 | |a The Middle East and North Africa (MENA) Region is one of the most water stressed regions in the world. Water scarcity has already become a challenge to development in many of the countries. Due to increasing population and Projected climate change impacts, MENA's annual water demand gap is projected to grow five-fold by 2050. Despite its extreme scarcity, water is managed poorly. Inefficiencies are common in the agriculture, municipal and industrial systems; and many utilities are financially unsustainable. As a result, countries overexploit their fossil aquifers-- and use desalination by fossil fuel-- to meet the water demand gap. Desalination already plays a critical role in MENA's water supply portfolio. However, desalination is costly, energy intensive and has environmental impacts. On current trends, the projection is that, by 2050, Saudi Arabia and many other countries in the Region will consume for desalination most of the oil that they produce. Overexploitation of fossil aquifers is not sustainable. Neither is the use of fossil fuel for desalination to meet the growing water gap sustainable. This book outlines the challenges in terms of water (and also in terms of energy) that countries in the Region face and analyzes the scope of available options to address the growing water gap. The book estimates MENA's water gap today and into the future-- until 2050; and presents a methodology to prioritize options to bridge the water gap, using the 'marginal cost of water' approach. The book also assesses the viability of renewable energy desalination as an important option to close the Region's water gap. The book compares the economic cost of desalination using fossil fuel and renewable energy sources, in particular the Concentrated Solar Power (CSP). The book also provides recommendations as to how CSP based desalination could ensure sustainable water supply for the Region. | ||
| 504 | |a Includes bibliographical references. | ||
| 588 | 0 | |a Online resource; title from digital title page (viewed on Oct. 22, 2014). | |
| 505 | 0 | |a Foreword; Acknowledgments; Abbreviations; Overview; Tables; O.1 MENA Annual Water Demand and Supply under Average Climate Change Scenario, 2000-50; Figures; O.1 Sources of New Water Supplies by 2050; O.2 Distribution of Worldwide Desalination Capacity, 2007; O.2 Total Annualized Cost of Desalinated Seawater; O.3 Electricity Cost of Concentrating Solar Power Plants Compared to Specific Cost of Peak-, Medium-, and Baseload Plants (Annualized Costs); O.3 Levelized Costs of Electricity of CSP and Other Technologies; O.4 Total Annualized Cost of RE-Desalinated Seawater; 1. Introduction. | |
| 505 | 8 | |a Origin and Purpose of This StudyChapter Summaries; Note; References; 2. MENA's Water Gap Will Grow Fivefold by 2050; 2.1 MENA Annual Water Demand and Supply under Average Climate Change Scenario, 2000-50; Water Availability and Demand; Maps; 2.1 Declining per Capita Water Availability: A Growing Threat in MENA; MENA's Current Water Balance: Already in the Red; 2.1 Water Resources Availability and Use in MENA Countries; Climate Change Threatens MENA's Future Water Availability; 2.2 Predicted Water Availability in the MENA Region, 2010-50; MENA's Future Water Demand: Population and GDP Factor. | |
| 505 | 8 | |a 2.2 Predicted Changes in Water Availability in the MENA Region, 2010-502.3 Relation between per Capita Domestic Water Withdrawals and GDP per Capita; 2.3 Distribution of MENA Areas Equipped for Irrigation, 2000; Future Water Balance: The Gap Grows; 2.2 MENA Irrigation Water Demand; 2.3 MENA Water Demand Gap under Three Climate Scenarios, 2000-50; 2.4 Current and Future Water Demand and Unmet Demand Gap under the Average Climate Change Projection; Imperative for Demand and Supply Management; 2.4 Value of Groundwater Depletion in Selected MENA Countries as a Share of GDP. | |
| 505 | 8 | |a 2.5 High-Tech Agricultural Packages Increase Water Use Efficiency2.6 Cost Range for Water Reuse; Notes; References; 3. Closing MENA's Water Gap Is Costly and Challenging; Strategic Approach; 3.1 Schematic Representation of Marginal Water Cost Curve; Unit Costs of Tactical Options; Alleviating the Demand Gap; 3.1 Effect of Tactical Options under the Average Climate Scenario to Reduce MENA Water Demand Gap by 2040-50; 3.2 Desalination Will Play a Significant Role in Closing the Water Demand Gap in Most MENA Countries by 2040-50. | |
| 505 | 8 | |a 3.3 Ranking and Magnitude of Tactical Options to Fill the Water Gap by 2050 Vary Considerably by CountryPhasing of Tactical Options Strongly Influenced by Sunk Investment; Transition from Conventional to CSP Desalination; 3.4 Typical Desalination Plant Life Curves, 2010-50; Phasing the Tactical Options; Costs of Adaptation Measures; 3.5 Maximum Annual Capacity Additions for CSP Desalination Plants in MENA; 3.6 Cost-Optimized Pattern of Future Water Supply for MENA under the "Average" Climate Change Scenario, 2000-50; 3.2 Adaptation Costs by Country Ranked by Costs per Capita; Notes. | |
| 590 | |a ProQuest Ebook Central |b Ebook Central Academic Complete | ||
| 650 | 0 | |a Saline water conversion |z Middle East. | |
| 650 | 0 | |a Saline water conversion |z Africa, North. | |
| 650 | 0 | |a Renewable energy sources |z Middle East. | |
| 650 | 0 | |a Renewable energy sources |z Africa, North. | |
| 650 | 6 | |a Eau salée |x Dessalement |z Afrique du Nord. | |
| 650 | 6 | |a Énergies renouvelables |z Afrique du Nord. | |
| 650 | 7 | |a TECHNOLOGY & ENGINEERING |x Environmental |x Water Supply. |2 bisacsh | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Renewable energy sources |2 fast | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Saline water conversion |2 fast | |
| 651 | 7 | |a North Africa |2 fast | |
| 651 | 7 | |a Middle East |2 fast | |
| 776 | 0 | 8 | |i Print version: |t Renewable energy desalination. |d Washington DC : World Bank, 2012 |z 9780821388389 |w (DLC) 2012020581 |
| 830 | 0 | |a MENA development report. | |
| 856 | 4 | 0 | |u https://ebookcentral.uam.elogim.com/lib/uam-ebooks/detail.action?docID=1048957 |z Texto completo |
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