Controlling Hydrocarbon Emissions from Tank Vessel Loading.

Detalles Bibliográficos
Clasificación:Libro Electrónico
Formato: Electrónico eBook
Idioma:Inglés
Publicado: National Academies Press 1987.
Temas:
Hydrocarbons.
Vapor pressure.
Vapors.
Hydrocarbures.
Pression de vapeur.
Vapeurs.
vapor pressure.
Electronic resource.
Acceso en línea:Texto completo
Tabla de Contenidos:
  • COVER
  • COPYRIGHT
  • PREFACE
  • ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  • TABLE OF CONTENTS
  • EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
  • THE FEASIBILITY OF VAPOR CONTROL
  • SAFETY AND OPERATIONAL COMPLEXITY
  • COSTS AND ECONOMIC IMPACTS
  • POTENTIAL REGULATORY CONFLICT
  • CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
  • 1 INTRODUCTION
  • LAWS AND REGULATIONS CONCERNING AIR QUALITY AND MARITIME SAFETY
  • The Clean Air Act and the States
  • Coast Guard Authority in Marine Safety
  • ESTIMATING EMISSIONS
  • Sources of Emissions
  • Emission Factors
  • Vessel Population
  • Trade
  • Emissions Calculations
  • Locations of Emissions
  • FOCUS FOR ASSESSMENT
  • 2 CURRENT PRACTICES ON TANK VESSELS
  • INLAND TANK BARGES
  • Cargo Handling
  • TANKSHIPS
  • Arrangement of Typical Tankship
  • Cargo Tank and Pipeline Arrangements
  • Cargo Pumps
  • Tank Ventilation
  • Inert Gas Systems
  • Ballast Arrangements
  • Ullaging During Loading and Discharging
  • Manning and Personnel
  • Loading Procedures
  • Unloading Procedures
  • Washing Cargo Tanks
  • 3 VAPOR CONTROL TECHNOLOGY
  • MAXIMUM CONTROL OF EMISSIONS
  • Closed Loading of Tank Vessels
  • Hydrocarbon Vapor Recovery and Disposal Systems
  • Combustion Processes
  • Recovery Processes
  • Alternative and Emerging Technologies
  • Biofiltration
  • Membrane Separation
  • VAPOR BALANCING AS AN ADJUNCT TO VAPOR CONTROL
  • OPERATING PROCEDURES TO REDUCE EMISSIONS FROM TANKSHIPS
  • Ballasting Emissions
  • Loading Emissions
  • HYDROCARBON VAPOR CONTROL SYSTEMS: ASSUMPTIONS FOR PURPOSES OF ASSESSMENT
  • Vapor Collection Headers
  • Tank Gauging and Alarms for Inerted Tank Vessels
  • Special Considerations for Tank Vessel Inert Gas Systems
  • Dockside Tank Level and Alarm System for Tank Barge Loading
  • Vapor-Handling System for Terminals
  • 4 SAFETY CONCERNS
  • ACCIDENT SCENARIOS
  • HISTORICAL ACCIDENT DATA
  • General Marine Liquid Transfer Accident Data
  • Marine Liquid Transfer Accidents with Vapor Control and Recovery Systems
  • Vapor Control and Recovery Systems in the Petrochemical Industry
  • POTENTIAL HAZARDS OF VAPOR CONTROL AND RECOVERY SYSTEMS
  • General Hazards
  • Specific Hazards of Vapor Control and Recovery Systems
  • TECHNOLOGIES TO REDUCE THE RISK OF FIRE AND EXPLOSION
  • Inerting or Enrichment of Vapors
  • Passive Safety Devices
  • MITIGATION MEASURES
  • RISK ANALYSIS
  • Secondary Impacts
  • 5 COST-EFFECTIVENESS
  • THE COST OF CONTROL
  • Capital Cost Estimates
  • Operating and Maintenance Cost Estimates
  • OPERATING COST ESTIMATES FOR INLAND BARGES
  • COST-EFFECTIVENESS OF HYDROCARBON VAPOR EMISSION CONTROLS AT MARINE LOADING TERMINALS IN TEXAS
  • Methodology for Selecting Terminals
  • Cost of Control at Terminals
  • Cost of Control on Vessels
  • Control Effectiveness
  • Cost-Effectiveness at Selected Texas Terminals
  • Other Costs Not Accounted For
  • COST-EFFECTIVENESS AS A FUNCTION OF TERMINAL THROUGHPUT
  • Capital and Operating Costs for Control System at Terminal
  • Vessel Retrofit Costs
  • Emission Factors
  • Cost-Effectiveness Curves
  • COST-EFFECTIVENESS COMPARED T.

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