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Emissions trading : lessons learned from the European Union and Kyoto Protocol climate change programs /
| Clasificación: | Libro Electrónico |
|---|---|
| Otros Autores: | , |
| Formato: | Electrónico eBook |
| Idioma: | Inglés |
| Publicado: |
New York :
Nova Science Publishers,
©2009.
|
| Colección: | Climate change and its causes, effects, and prediction series.
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| Temas: | |
| Acceso en línea: | Texto completo |
Tabla de Contenidos:
- EMISSIONS TRADING: LESSONS LEARNED FROM THE EUROPEANUNION AND KYOTO PROTOCOL CLIMATE CHANGE PROGRAMS
- CONTENTS
- PREFACE
- CLIMATE CHANGE AND THE EU EMISSIONS TRADING SCHEME (ETS):KYOTO AND BEYOND
- ABSTRACT
- OVERVIEW
- NATIONAL ALLOCATION PLANS AND THE ETS
- Need for Further Emissions Reductions
- Need to Adjust ETS Allocations
- ISSUES ARISING IN PHASE 2 NAPS FOR THE ETS
- Supplementarity
- Auction Policy
- New Entrant Reserves
- Auction Policy
- New Entrant Reserves
- Closure Policy
- Benchmarking
- Allocation and Energy Policy
- LOOKING TO PHASE III
- Eliminating NAPs
- Expanding Coverage
- Auctions
- SUMMARY AND CONSIDERATIONS FOR U.S. CAP-AND-TRADE PROPOSALS
- Emission Inventories and Target Setting
- Coverage
- Allocation Schemes
- Flexibility and Price Volatility
- REFERENCES
- CLIMATE CHANGE: THE EUROPEAN UNION'S EMISSIONS TRADING SYSTEM(EU-ETS)
- ABSTRACT
- OVERVIEW
- IMPLEMENTING THE ETS:NATIONAL ALLOCATION PLANS
- RESULTS FROM THE FIRST YEAR
- Emissions Levels
- Market Activity, Prices, and Impact
- Use of Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)and Joint Implementation (JI)
- ISSUES
- Tightening of Emissions Caps
- Harmonizing NAPs
- New Entrants
- Definition of Affected Units
- Expansion of Coverage
- CONCLUSION
- APPENDIX: NORWAY'S TRADING SYSTEM
- REFERENCES
- INTERNATIONAL CLIMATE CHANGE PROGRAMS: LESSONS LEARNED FROM THE EUROPEAN UNION'S EMISSIONS TRADING SCHEME AND THE KYOTO PROTOCOL'S CLEAN DEVELOPMENT MECHANISM*
- WHAT GAO FOUND
- WHY GAO DID THIS STUDY
- WHAT GAO RECOMMENDS
- ABBREVIATIONS
- RESULTS IN BRIEF
- BACKGROUND
- EU EMISSIONS TRADING SCHEME ESTABLISHED A CARBONMARKET AND PROVIDES LESSONS THAT COULD INFORMU. S. DECISION MAKING ON CLIMATE CHANGE POLICY
- Creation of the ETS Established a Market for Carbon Allowances.
- The Effect of ETS Phase I on Emissions IsUncertain Because of Data Limitations
- Phase I Economic Impacts Vary by Sector butLong- Term Effects Are Uncertain
- The Effect of ETS Phase I on Technology Development and Innovation Are Uncertain but Likely Minimal
- ETS Phase I Experience Offers Key Lessons aboutProgram Design and Implementation
- Baseline Data
- Availability of data
- Specificity of data
- Program Design Features
- Emissions Cap
- Program Scope
- Allocation Method
- Risk of Leakage
- Program Timeline
- Linking
- Wealth Transfer
- THE CDM'S ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECONOMICEFFECTS PROVIDE IMPORTANT LESSONS THATCAN INFORM CONGRESSIONAL DELIBERATIONSON CLIMATE CHANGE POLICY
- The CDM Has Enabled Covered Entities to PursueLower-Cost Reductions and Involved DevelopingCountries in the Global Carbon Market
- Despite Rigorous Review Process, the NetEffect of the CDM on Emissions Is Unclear
- The CDM's Contributions to SustainableDevelopment Have Been Limited
- The Scale and Cost- Effectiveness of the CDM Is Limited by the Current Project-by-Project Approval Process, but ProposedReforms Could Improve Its Effectiveness
- Sectoral CDM
- Sectoral No-Lose Targets
- Programmatic CDM
- Positive Lists
- Mandatory Caps
- Discounting Credits
- Phasing out Offsets
- CDM Experience Offers Key Lessons Learned aboutProgram Design and Implementation
- Cost-Effectiveness
- Environmental Effects
- Tradeoffs and Potential Improvements
- CONCLUDING OBSERVATIONS
- MATTERS FOR CONGRESSIONAL CONSIDERATION
- APPENDIX I: OBJECTIVES, SCOPE, AND METHODOLOGY
- APPENDIX II: SUMMARY OF JOINT IMPLEMENTATION
- APPENDIX III: PANEL OF EXPERTS
- REFERENCES
- INDEX.