Fundamentals of Fluid Power Control.

This is an undergraduate text/reference for applications in which large forces with fast response times are achieved using hydraulic control.

Detalles Bibliográficos
Clasificación:Libro Electrónico
Autor principal: Watton, John
Formato: Electrónico eBook
Idioma:Inglés
Publicado: Leiden : Cambridge University Press, 2009.
Temas:
Fluid power technology.
Hydraulic control.
Hydraulic motors.
Fluidique (Mécanique des fluides)
Commande hydraulique.
Moteurs hydrauliques.
hydraulic motors.
TECHNOLOGY & ENGINEERING > Automation.
TECHNOLOGY & ENGINEERING > Robotics.
Fluid power technology
Hydraulic control
Hydraulic motors
Acceso en línea:Texto completo
Tabla de Contenidos:
  • Cover
  • Half-title
  • Title
  • Copyright
  • Contents
  • Preface
  • 1 Introduction, Applications, and Concepts
  • 1.1 The Need for Fluid Power
  • 1.2 Circuits and Symbols
  • 1.3 Pumps and Motors
  • Example 1.1
  • Example 1.2
  • 1.4 Cylinders
  • 1.5 Valves
  • 1.6 Servoactuators
  • 1.7 Power Packs and Ancillary Components
  • 1.8 References and Further Reading
  • BOOKS AND PAPERS
  • COMMERCIAL DESIGN LITERATURE
  • 2 An Introduction to Fluid Properties
  • 2.1 Fluid Types
  • HFB-Type
  • Shell Irus Fluid BLT
  • 2.2 Fluid Density
  • 2.3 Fluid Viscosity
  • 2.4 Bulk Modulus
  • 2.5 Fluid Cleanliness
  • 2.6 Fluid Vapor Pressure and Cavitation
  • 2.7 Electrorheological (ER) Fluids and Magnetorheological (MR) Fluids
  • 2.8 References and Further Reading
  • 3 Steady-State Characteristics of Circuit Components
  • 3.1 Flow Through Pipes
  • 3.1.1 The Energy Equation
  • 3.1.2 Laminar and Turbulent Flow in Pipes
  • the Effect of Fluid Viscosity
  • 3.1.3 The Navier-Stokes Equation
  • 3.1.4 Laminar Flow in a Circular Pipe
  • 3.1.5 The General Pressure-Drop Equation
  • 3.1.6 Temperature Rise in 3D Flow
  • 3.1.7 Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) Software Packages
  • 3.2 Restrictors, Control Gaps, and Leakage Gaps
  • 3.2.1 Types
  • 3.2.2 Orifice-Type Restrictors
  • 3.2.3 Flow Between Parallel Plates
  • 3.2.4 Flow Between Annular Gaps
  • 3.2.5 Flow Between an Axial Piston Pump Slipper and Its Swash Plate
  • 3.2.6 Flow Between a Ball and Socket
  • 3.2.7 Flow Between Nonparallel Plates Reynolds Equation
  • 3.2.8 Flow Through Spool Valves of the Servovalve Type and the Use of a CFD Package for Analysis
  • 3.2.9 Flow Characteristics of a Cone-Seated Poppet Valve
  • 3.2.10 A Double Flapper-Nozzle Device for Pressure-Differential Generation
  • 3.2.11 The Jet Pipe and Deflector-Jet Fluidic Amplifier
  • 3.3 Steady-State Flow-Reaction Forces
  • 3.3.1 Basic Concepts.
  • 3.3.2 Application to a Simple Poppet Valve
  • 3.3.3 Application to the Main Stage of a Two-Stage Pressure-Relief Valve
  • 3.3.4 Application to a Spool Valve
  • 3.3.5 Application to a Cone-Seated Poppet Valve
  • 3.3.6 Application to a Flapper-Nozzle Stage
  • 3.4 Other Forces on Components
  • 3.4.1 Static and Shear-Stress Components
  • 3.4.2 Transient Flow-Reaction Forces
  • 3.5 The Electrohydraulic Servovalve
  • 3.5.1 Servovalve Types
  • 3.5.2 Servovalve Rating
  • 3.5.3 Flow Characteristics, Critically Lapped Spool
  • 3.5.4 Servovalve with Force Feedback
  • 3.5.5 Servovalve with Spool-Position Electrical Feedback
  • 3.5.6 Flow Characteristics, Underlapped Spool
  • 3.6 Positive-Displacement Pumps and Motors
  • 3.6.1 Flow and Torque Characteristics of Positive-Displacement Machines
  • 3.6.2 Geometrical Displacement of a Positive-Displacement Machine
  • 3.6.3 Flow Losses for an Axial Piston Machine
  • 3.6.4 Torque Losses for an Axial Piston Machine
  • 3.6.5 Machine Efficiency Axial Piston Pump
  • 3.6.6 Machine Efficiency Axial Piston Motor
  • 3.7 Pressure-Relief Valve Pressure-Flow Concepts
  • 3.8 Sizing an Accumulator
  • 3.9 Design of Experiments
  • Example
  • 3.10 References and Further Reading
  • 4 Steady-State Performance of Systems
  • 4.1 Determining the Power Supply Pressure Variation during Operation for a Pump-PRV-Servovalve Combination: A Graphical Approach
  • 4.2 Meter-Out Flow Control of a Cylinder
  • 4.3 A Comparison of Counterbalance-Valve and an Overcenter-Valve Performances to Avoid Load Runaway
  • 4.4 Drive Concepts
  • 4.5 Pump and Motor Hydraulically Connected: A Hydrostatic Drive
  • 4.6 Pump and Motor Shaft Connected: A Power Transfer Unit (PTU)
  • The Condition for Zero Speed
  • The Condition for Each Pressure to Fall to Its PRV Setting
  • The Condition for Equal Pressures
  • 4.7 Servovalve-Motor Open-Loop and Closed-Loop Speed Drives.
  • 4.7.1 Open-Loop Control
  • 4.7.2 Closed-Loop Control
  • 4.8 Servovalve-Linear Actuator
  • 4.8.1 Extending
  • 4.8.2 Retracting
  • 4.8.3 A Comparison of Extending and Retracting Operations
  • 4.9 Closed-Loop Position Control of an Actuator by a Servovalve with a Symmetrically Underlapped Spool
  • 4.10 Linearization of a Valve-Controlled Motor Open-Loop Drive: Toward Intelligent Control
  • 4.11 References and Further Reading
  • 5 System Dynamics
  • 5.1 Introduction
  • 5.2 Mass Flow-Rate Continuity
  • 5.3 Force and Torque Equations for Actuators
  • 5.4 Solving the System Equations, Computer Simulation
  • 5.5 Differential Equations, Laplace Transforms, and Transfer Functions
  • 5.5.1 Linear Differential Equations
  • 5.5.2 Nonlinear Differential Equations, the Technique of Linearization for Small-Signal Analysis
  • 5.5.3 Undamped Natural Frequency of a Linear Actuator
  • 5.5.4 Laplace Transforms and Transfer Functions
  • 5.6 The Electrical Analogy
  • 5.7 Frequency Response
  • 5.8 Optimum Transfer Functions, the ITAE Criterion
  • 5.9 Application to a Servovalve-Motor Open-Loop Drive
  • 5.9.1 Forming the Equations
  • 5.9.2 An Estimate of Dynamic Behavior by a Linearized Analysis
  • 5.9.3 A Comparison of Nonlinear and Linearized Equations Using the Phase-Plane Method
  • 5.10 Application to a Servovalve-Linear Actuator Open-Loop Drive
  • 5.10.1 Forming the Equations
  • 5.10.2 An Estimate of Dynamic Behavior by a Linearized Analysis
  • 5.10.3 Transfer Function Simplification for a Double-Rod Actuator
  • 5.11 Further Considerations of the Nonlinear Flow-Continuity Equations of a Servovalve Connected to a Motor or a Double-Rod Linear Actuator
  • 5.12 The Importance of Short Connecting Lines When the Load Mass Is Small
  • 5.13 A Single-Stage PRV with Directional Damping
  • 5.13.1 Introduction
  • 5.13.2 Forming the Equations, Transient Response.
  • Control-Volume Flow Continuity
  • PRV Flow
  • Force Balance at the Spindle
  • 5.13.3 Frequency Response from a Linearized Transfer Function Analysis
  • 5.14 Servovalve Dynamics
  • First-Stage, Armature, and Flapper-Nozzle
  • Flapper-Nozzle and Resistance Bridge Flow Characteristic
  • Force Balance at the Spool
  • 5.15 An Open-Loop Servovalve-Motor Drive with Line Dynamics Modeled by Lumped Approximations
  • Servovalve, Dynamics Included, Underlapped Spool
  • Lines, Laminar Mean Flow, Two Lump Approximations per Line, Negligible Motor Internal Volume
  • Motor Flow and Torque Equations
  • 5.16 Transmission Line Dynamics
  • 5.16.1 Introduction
  • Servovalve-Cylinder with Short Lines and Significant Actuator Volumes
  • Servovalve-Motor with Long Lines and Negligible Actuator Volumes
  • 5.16.2 Lossless Line Model for Z and Y
  • 5.16.3 Average and Distributed Line Friction Models for Z and Y
  • 5.16.4 Frequency-Domain Analysis
  • 5.16.5 Servovalve-Reflected Linearized Coefficients
  • 5.16.6 Modeling Systems with Nonlossless Transmission Lines, the Modal Analysis Method
  • 5.16.7 Modal Analysis Applied to a Servovalve-Motor Open-Loop Drive
  • 5.17 The State-Space Method for Linear Systems Modeling
  • 5.17.1 Modeling Principles
  • 5.17.2 Some Further Aspects of the Time-Domain Solution
  • 5.17.3 The Transfer Function Concept in State Space
  • 5.18 Data-Based Dynamic Modeling
  • 5.18.1 Introduction
  • 5.18.2 Time-Series Modeling
  • 5.18.3 The Group Method of Data Handling (GMDH) Algorithm
  • 5.18.4 Artificial Neural Networks
  • 5.18.5 A Comparison of Time-Series, GMDH, and ANN Modeling of a Second-Order Dynamic System
  • 5.18.6 Time-Series Modeling of a Position Control System
  • 5.18.7 Time-Series Modeling for Fault Diagnosis
  • 5.18.8 Time-Series Modeling of a Proportional PRV
  • 5.18.9 GMDH Modeling of a Nitrogen-Filled Accumulator.
  • 5.19 Some Comments on the Effect of Coulomb Friction
  • 5.20 References and Further Reading
  • 6 Control Systems
  • 6.1 Introduction to Basic Concepts, the Hydromechanical Actuator
  • 6.2 Stability of Closed-Loop Linear Systems
  • 6.2.1 Nyquists Stability Criterion
  • 6.2.2 Root Locus Method
  • 6.2.3 Routh Stability Criterion
  • 6.2.4 The State-Space Approach
  • 6.2.5 Servovalve-Motor Closed-Loop Speed Control
  • 6.2.6 Servovalve-Linear Actuator Position Control
  • 6.2.7 The Effect of Long Lines on Closed-Loop Stability, Speed Control of a Motor
  • 6.2.8 The Effect of Long Lines on Closed-Loop Stability, Position Control of a Linear Actuator
  • 6.2.9 The Effect of Coulomb Friction Damping on the Response and Stability of aServovalve-Linear Actuator Position Control System
  • 6.3 Digital Control
  • 6.3.1 Introduction
  • 6.3.2 The Process of Sampling
  • 6.3.3 The z Transform
  • 6.3.4 Closed-Loop Analysis with Zero-Order-Hold Sampling
  • 6.3.5 Closed-Loop Stability
  • 6.4 Improving the Closed-Loop Response
  • 6.4.1 Servovalve Spool Underlap for Actuator Position Control, a Linearized Transfer Function Approach
  • 6.4.2 Phase Compensation, Gain and Phase Margins
  • 6.4.3 Dynamic Pressure Feedback
  • 6.4.4 State Feedback
  • 6.5 Feedback Controller Implementation
  • 6.5.1 Analog-to-Digital Implementation
  • 6.5.2 Generalized Digital Filters
  • 6.5.3 State Estimation, Observers, and Reduced-Order Observers
  • 6.5.4 Linear Quadratic (LQ) Optimal State Control
  • 6.6 On-Off Switching of Directional Valves
  • 6.6.1 PWM Control
  • 6.6.2 Valves Sized in a Binary Flow Sequence
  • 6.7 An Introduction to Fuzzy Logic and Neural Network Control
  • 6.8 Servovalve Dither for Improving Position Accuracy
  • 6.9 References and Further Reading
  • 7 Some Case Studies
  • 7.1 Introduction
  • 7.2 Performance of an Axial Piston Pump Tilted Slipper with Grooves.

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