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The effects of air pollution on the built environment /
Air pollution damages materials, but it has changed dramatically in the past century, with a reduction in the concentration of corrosive primary pollutants in urban atmospheres. At the same time, architectural styles and types of materials have changed, as we have moved to more organically rich, pho...
| Clasificación: | Libro Electrónico |
|---|---|
| Otros Autores: | |
| Formato: | Electrónico eBook |
| Idioma: | Inglés |
| Publicado: |
London : River Edge, NJ :
Imperial College Press ; Distributed by World Scientific Pub. Co.,
©2003.
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| Colección: | Air pollution reviews ;
vol. 2. |
| Temas: | |
| Acceso en línea: | Texto completo |
Tabla de Contenidos:
- Contributors; Preface; Chapter 1 Long Term Damage to the Built Environment; 1. Introduction; 2. Changes in Climate; 2.1. History of Climate; 2.2. Freeze-Thaw Cycles; 2.3. Storms and Precipitation; 2.4. Biological Factors; 3. Changes in Air Pollution; 3.1. History of Air Pollution; 3.2. Early Acid Rain and Dry Fogs; 3.3. Early Descriptions of Damage; 3.4. Industrial Development and Pollution; 3.5. Victorian Approaches to Damage; 3.6. Architectural Responses; 3.7. The Twentieth Century; 3.8. Economic Analysis; 3.9. Archeometric Sources of Information.
- 4. Recent Changes in Modern Pollutants and MaterialsChapter 2 Background Controls on Urban Stone Decay: Lessons from Natural Rock Weathering; 1. Introduction; 2. The Origins of Misconceptions; 2.1. Decisions Governing Choice of Materials; 2.2. Research Bias and Accessibility; 3. Process Interactions; 4. Climatic Controls on Stone Decay; 4.1. Temperature Controls; 4.2. Moisture Controls; 5. The Direct Consequences of Placing Stone Within a Building; 6. Rates and Patterns of Decay; 6.1. Temporal Variability; 6.2. Spatial Variability; 7. Inheritance Effects.
- 8. Concluding Observations and Implications for Stone ConservationChapter 3 Mechanisms of Air Pollution Damage to Stone; 1. Introduction; 2. Damage on Stone Buildings and Monuments; 2.1. Marble and Limestone; 2.2. Sandstone; 2.3. Granite; 3. Chamber Tests; 4. Field Exposure Tests; Chapter 4 Mechanisms of Air Pollution Damage to Brick Concrete and Mortar; 1. Introduction; 2. Air Pollutants; 3. Concrete and Cement; 3.1. Introduction; 3.2. Cement And Concrete Chemistry; 3.3. The Effect of Carbon Dioxide; 3.4. The Effects of Other Pollutants; 3.5. Conclusions; 4. Brickwork and Mortar.
- 4.1. Introduction4.2. Brick Manufacture and Composition; 4.3. Pollutant Attack on Brick; 4.4. Mortar and Pollutant Attack; 4.5. Interactions Between Brick and Mortar; 4.6. Conclusions; Chapter 5 Salts and Crusts; 1. Introduction; 2. Sources of Salts in Building Materials; 2.1. Chemical Weathering; 2.2. Acid Deposition; 2.3. Other Sources of Salts; 3. Mobility and Hygroscopicity of Salts; 4. Mechanism of Salt Damage; 4.1. Crystallization Pressure; 4.2. Hydration Pressure; 5. Atmospheric Pollution and Salt Enrichment; 6. Conclusions.
- Chapter 6 Organic Pollutants in the Built Environment and Their Effect on the Microorganisms1. Introduction; 2. Sources of Organic Pollutants in Urban Environments; 2.1. Hydrocarbons; 2.2. Acids and Ketones; 2.3. Triterpenoid Hydrocarbons; 2.4. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons; 2.5. Carbonaceous Matter; 3. Identification of Organic Pollutants in Black Crusts; 3.1. Analytical Methodologies; 3.2. Sites Investigated; 3.3. Solvent Extraction of Black Crusts; 3.4. Analytical Pyrolysis of Black Crusts; 3.5. Simultaneous Pyrolysis/Methylation; 4. Microbiology of Black Crusts.