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Forest genetics /
This book, which contains 20 chapters, integrates the varied subdisciplines of genetics and their applications in gene conservation, tree improvement and biotechnology. Topics covered include: genetic variation in natural forests, the application of genetics in tree improvement and breeding programm...
| Clasificación: | Libro Electrónico |
|---|---|
| Autor principal: | |
| Otros Autores: | , |
| Formato: | Electrónico eBook |
| Idioma: | Inglés |
| Publicado: |
Wallingford, UK ; Cambridge, MA :
CABI,
©2007.
|
| Colección: | CAB books.
|
| Temas: | |
| Acceso en línea: | Texto completo |
Tabla de Contenidos:
- Ch. 13. Phenotypic mass selection : genetic gain, choice of traits and indirect response
- General concepts and their application to mass selection
- The process of selection
- Mass selection in first-generation tree improvement programs
- Methods of mass selection
- predicting genetic gain from mass selection
- Equations for predicting genetic gain
- Selection intensity
- Factors affecting genetic gain from mass selection
- Indirect mass selection
- Definition and uses of indirect selection
- Comparison of indirect and direct selection
- Selection methods for multiple traits
- Defining the breeding objective
- Choosing which traits to measure
- Index selection
- Independent culling, tandem selection and two-stage selection
- Summary and conclusions
- ch. 14. Genetic testing : mating designs, field designs and test implementation
- Types, objectives and functions of genetic tests
- Defining genetic architecture
- Progeny testing
- Establishing advanced-generation base populations
- Quantifying realized gains
- Mating designs
- Incomplete-pedigree mating designs
- Complete pedigree (full-sib) family mating designs
- Variations of classical mating designs
- Field designs
- Plot conformation
- Statistical design (field layout) at each location
- Selection of sites
- Including additional trees (borders, fillers and controls)
- Test implementation
- Breeding and nursery, phases of test implementation
- Site preparation and test establishment
- Test maintenance and measurement
- Summary and conclusions.
- Ch. 15. Data analysis : mixed models, variance components and breeding values
- Preliminary steps prior to data analysis
- Editing and cleaning of data
- Transformations and standardization
- Exploratory data analysis
- Linear statistical models
- Parental versus individual tree models
- Multivariate linear models
- Concepts and applications of mixed model methods
- Estimation of fixed effects
- Estimation of variance components and genetic parameters
- Prediction of genetic values
- Implementation and limitations of mixed model analyses
- Selection indices : combining information across relatives and traits
- Concepts of selection indices
- Calculating selection indices
- Making selections and calculating genetic gain
- Spatial variation and spatial analysis in genetic trials
- Concepts of spatial variation
- Methods of spatial analysis
- Summary and conclusions
- ch. 16. Deployment : open-pollinated varieties, full-sib families and clones
- Interim options for meeting immediate seed needs
- Seed production areas
- Directed seed collections
- Seed orchards
- Clonal seed orchards
- Seedling seed orchards
- Considerations common to both clonal and seedling seed orchards
- Family forestry
- Family forestry based on control-pollinated (CP) seedlings
- Family forestry using plantlets from vegetative multiplication
- Clonal forestry
- Advantages of clonal forestry
- Issues and concerns about clonal forestry
- Operational deployment of clones
- Genetic diversity considerations in deployment options
- Summary and conclusions.
- Ch. 17. Advanced-generation breeding strategies : breeding population size, structure and management
- General concepts of advanced-generation breeding strategies
- Organization of a breeding strategy
- Principles of recurrent selection
- Management of genetic diversity and inbreeding
- Placing more emphasis on better material
- Breeding population size
- Guidelines for breeding population sizes from theoretical studies
- Further considerations about size of breeding populations
- Recommendations for sizes of breeding populations
- Breeding population structure
- Structures that promote emphasis on superior material
- Multiple populations
- Sublines or breeding groups
- Examples of breeding population structures
- Mating designs for advanced-generation breeding
- Open-pollinated (OP) management of the breeding population
- Full-sib (FS) and complementary mating designs for managing the breeding population
- Making advanced-generation selections
- Within-family selection
- Cloning the base population
- Selections from overlapping generations
- Selection indices and other methods of selection
- Balancing genetic gain and genetic diversity
- Optimum selection age
- Summary and conclusions
- Section 4 : Biotechnology
- ch. 18. Genomics : discovery and functional analysis of genes
- Structural genomics
- Gene discovery
- Genetic mapping
- Gene mapping by bulked segregant analysis
- Functional genomics
- Comparative sequencing
- Gene expression analysis
- Forward and reverse genetic approaches
- Quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping
- Positional cloning of QTLs
- Association genetics
- Comparative genomics
- Bioinformatics and databases
- Summary and conclusions.
- Ch. 19. Marker-assisted selection and breeding : indirect selection, direct selection and breeding applications
- concepts of marker-assisted selection (MAS)
- Definitions and concepts related to MAS
- Benefits, limitations and challenges of MAS
- Indirect selection based on markers linked to QTLs
- Marker-assisted early selection (MAES) versus mature phenotypic selection
- Marker-assisted early selection (MAES) versus early phenotype selection
- Combined phenotypic and marker-assisted early index selection versus early phenotypic selection
- Marker-assisted selection and combined within-family and family selection versus combined within-family and family selection alone
- Direct selection based on genes coding for target traits
- Marker-assisted breeding
- Quality control in tree improvement programs
- Breeding and mating designs
- Propagation populations and deployment
- Hybrid breeding
- Smart and ideotype breeding
- Summary and conclusions
- ch. 20. Genetic engineering : target traits, transformation and regeneration
- Target traits for genetic engineering
- Methods for gene transfer
- Indirect gene transfer
- Direct gene transfer
- Vector design and selectable markers
- Regeneration methods
- Organogenesis
- Somatic embryogenesis
- Applications of genetic engineering in forest trees
- Lignin modification
- Herbicide tolerance
- Pest and disease resistance
- Flowering control
- Transgene expression and stability
- Commercialization, regulation and biosafety
- Summary and conclusions
- References
- Index.
- Ch. 4. Genetic markers : morphological, biochemical and molecular markers
- Uses and characteristics of genetic markers
- Morphological markers
- Biochemical markers
- Monoterpenes
- Allozymes
- Other protein markers
- Molecular markers
- DNA-DNA hybridization : restriction fragment length polymorphism
- Molecular markers based on the polymerase chain reaction
- Summary and conclusions
- ch. 5. Population genetics : gene frequencies, inbreeding and forces of evolution
- Quantifying the genetic composition of populations
- Genotype and allele frequencies
- Hardy-Weinberg principle
- Mating systems and inbreeding
- Influence of inbreeding on genotypic frequencies
- Inbreeding coefficient and regular systems of inbreeding
- Inbreeding depression
- Forces that change allele frequencies
- Mutation
- Migration
- Selection
- Genetic drift
- Joint effects of evolutionary forces
- Summary and conclusions.
- Ch. 6. Quantitative genetics : polygenic traits, heritabilities and genetic correlations
- The nature and study of polygenic traits
- Characteristics of polygenic traits
- Studying polygenic traits
- Modeling phenotypes of parents and offspring
- Clonal value and breeding value
- Estimating the average performance of offspring
- Genetic variances and heritabilities
- Definitions and concepts
- Estimates of heritabilities for forest trees
- Uses and importance of heritability estimates in forest tree populations
- Genetic correlations
- Definitions and concepts
- Trait-trait correlations
- Age-age correlations
- Genotype x environment interaction
- Definitions and concepts
- Importance of G x E interaction in forest trees
- Estimating genetic parameters
- Mating design
- Field design
- Study implementation, data cleaning and standardization
- Data analyses
- Parameter estimation and interpretation
- Summary and conclusions.
- Ch. 8. Geographic variation : races, clines and ecotypes
- Definitions and concepts related to geographic variation
- Provenances, seed sources and races
- Clines and ecotypes
- Varieties and subspecies
- Provenance x environment interaction
- Experimental methods used to study geographic variation
- Genetic markers for studying geographic variation
- Long-term provenance trials in field experiments
- Patterns of geographic variation in forest trees
- Racial variation associated with environmental differences
- Racial variation not associated with environmental differences
- Species with little or no racial variation
- Geographic patterns of genetic diversity
- Implications of geographic variation for seed transfer
- Setting explicit objectives of provenance selection
- Lessons learned from previous provenance studies
- A decision tree to guide seed transfer decisions
- Types of seed transfer guidelines and logistics of implementation
- Summary and conclusions.
- Ch. 9. Evolutionary genetics : divergence, speciation and hybridization
- Divergence, speciation and hybridization
- Species concepts
- Mechanisms of speciation
- Hybridization and introgression
- Evolutionary history and phylogeny
- Evolutionary history
- Phylogenetics
- Molecular mechanisms of genome evolution
- Mutation and nucleotide diversity
- Gene duplication and gene families
- Polypoloidy
- Coevolution
- Pines and rust fungi
- White pines and corvids
- Summary and conclusions
- ch. 10. Gene conservation : in situ, ex situ and sampling strategies
- Threats to genetic diversity
- Habitat loss, deforestation, and fragmentation
- Pathogens, insects, exotic species and movement of genetic material
- Pollution and global climate change
- Strategies to conserve genetic diversity
- In situ gene conservation
- Ex situ gene conservation
- Population sizes for gene conservation
- Number and location of populations for gene conservation
- Effects of forest management practices and domestication of genetic diversity
- Summary and conclusion.
- Acknowledgments
- Preface
- ch. 1. Forest genetics : concepts, scope, history and importance
- Global scope and importance of natural and managed forests
- The role of plantations as forest ecosystems
- Concepts and sources of variation in forests
- Separating genotypic and environmental influences on phenotypic variation
- Environmental sources of variation
- Genetic sources of variation
- Historical perspective on forest genetics
- General genetics
- Forest genetics
- Why study forest genetics?
- Section 1 : Basic principles
- ch. 2. Molecular basis of inheritance : genome organization, gene structure and regulation
- Genome organization
- The DNA molecule
- Cellular organization of genomes
- Genome size
- Chromosomes and polypoloidy
- Karyotype analysis
- Repetitive DNA
- Gene structure and regulation
- The central dogma and the genetic code
- Transcription and translation
- Structural organization of a gene
- Regulation of gene expression
- Summary and conclusions
- ch. 3. Transmission genetics : chromosomes, recombination and linkage
- Mendelian genetics
- Mendel's crossing experiments with peas
- Mendelian inheritance of traits in forest trees
- Statistical tests for Mendelian inheritance
- Transmission and inheritance of chromosomes
- Mitosis and cell division
- Meiosis and sexual reproduction
- Extensions to Mendel's laws
- Partial dominance
- Codominance
- Epistasis
- Genetic linkage
- Organelle genome inheritance
- Summary and conclusions.
- Section 2 : Genetic variation in natural populations
- ch. 7. Within-population variation : genetic diversity, mating systems and stand structure
- Quantifying genetic variation
- Measures of genetic variation based on genetic markers
- Measures of genetic variation based on quantitative traits
- Genetic diversity in forest trees
- Estimates of genetic diversity from genetic markers
- Estimates of genetic diversity from quantitative traits
- Factors promoting genetic diversity within populations
- Large population size
- Longevity
- High levels of outcrossing
- Strong migration between populations
- Balancing selection
- Mating system dynamics in forest trees
- Factors leading to unusually low levels of outcrossing
- Patterns of cross-fertilization within populations
- Spatial and temporal genetic structure within populations
- Spatial genetic structure
- Temporal genetic structure
- Practical implications of within-population genetic diversity
- Genetic improvements under natural regeneration systems
- Seed collections in natural populations
- Summary and conclusions.
- Section 3 : Tree improvement
- ch. 11. Tree improvement programs : structure, concepts and importance
- Scope and structure of tree improvement programs
- The breeding cycle of forest tree improvement programs
- Base population
- Selected population
- Breeding population
- Propagation population
- Infusions from external populations
- Genetic testing
- Genetic gains and economic value of tree improvement programs
- Genetic gain concepts and types of gains estimates
- Genetic gains achieved for different traits
- Economic analysis of tree improvement programs
- Summary and conclusions
- ch. 12. Base populations : species, hybrids, seed sources and breeding zones
- Types of taxa and their attributes for plantations
- Species and interspecific hybrids
- Subspecies, varieties, provenances and land races
- Choosing species, hybrids and seed sources for plantation forestry
- Identifying candidate species, hybrids and seed sources for plantation forestry
- Multiphase field trials for testing species, hybrids and seed sources
- Using available information to make taxa decisions for plantation forestry
- Defining base populations for tree improvement programs
- Number and size of breeding units
- Composition of base populations
- Summary and conclusions.